HVII FOREIGN POLICY

Question 1

WHAT were Henry VII’s foreign policy aims?

Answer 1

1) Maintain good relations with European powers
2) Gain international recognition of the Tudor dynasty
3) Maintain national security
4) Defend English trading interests.

Question 2

WHEN was Perkin Warbeck welcomed in Scotland and for how long?

Answer 2

James IV welcomed Warbeck in the summer of 1495 and he stayed there for 2 years.

Question 3

WHAT did James IV give to Perkin Warbeck?

Answer 3

£1,200 p/a pension and marriage to James’ cousin

Question 4

WHEN did Scotland invade England (and with who)?

Answer 4

1496 - King James IV and Perkin Warbeck invaded England with an army (Warbeck was encouraged by James)

Question 5

What were the consequences of the Scottish invasion of England?

Answer 5

1) Peace with Scotland (James IV signed the Truce of Ayton)
2) Henry’s demand for tax due to the size of his army led to the Cornish rebellion of 1497. It became clear that peace with Scotland was in the interests of England.

Question 6

WHEN was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace made?

Answer 6

1502

Question 7

WHAT was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace?

Answer 7

Treaty between England and Scotland (formed from the Truce of Ayton) which included a marriage alliance between King James IV of Scotland and Henry’s daughter, Princess Margaret.

Question 8

WHAT was the area of Ireland that England had power over?

Answer 8

The Pale

Question 9

WHO had the Earl of Kildare supported and when?

Answer 9

Lambert Simnel (1486) and Perkin Warbeck (1491)

Question 10

WHEN and HOW did Henry VII establish royal authority in Ireland?

Answer 10

1491-1496
Henry VII appointed his infant son as Lieutenant of Ireland and appointed Sir Edward Poynings as his deputy. Royal authority was mainly established through threat of force and bribery.

Question 11

WHAT did Poynings do in Ireland?

Answer 11

1) ‘Poynings’ Law’ - 1495 which laid down that the Irish Parliament could not pass a law with English approval
2) He also tried to implement English law in Ireland

Question 12

WHY did English control in Ireland fail?

Answer 12

1) It was too expensive and Henry decided to use the cheaper option of Kildare instead
2) Warbeck returned in 1495 and besieged the town of Waterford

Question 13

WHY did relations between England and Ireland stay fairly peaceful after Poynings was recalled?

Answer 13

In 1496, Kildare decided that there was no benefit supporting the Yorkists and began to serve Henry VII loyally.

Question 14

WHEN did Henry summon extraordinary revenue in order to raise an army in aid of Brittany?

Answer 14

1489

Question 15

WHY did Henry raise an army in aid of Brittany?

Answer 15

France had invaded Brittany in 1487

Question 16

WHAT was the Treaty of Redon?

Answer 16

An agreement between Henry VII and Duchess Anne of Brittany where Duchess Anne paid for a small English army to defend Brittany from France.

Question 17

WHEN was the Treaty of Redon?

Answer 17

1489

Question 18

WHO (as well as Brittany) did the Treaty of Redon strengthen alliances with and WHY?

Answer 18

The Holy Roman Empire because Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian had contracted a marriage-by-proxy with Duchess of Anne.

Question 19

WHEN did Brittany surrender to France (+ WHAT happened)?

Answer 19

1491 - Duchess Anne surrendered and reluctantly married Charles VIII of France, leaving the English army marooned in Brittany

Question 20

WHEN did Perkin Warbeck land in France?

Answer 20

1491

Question 21

WHEN did England invade France?

Answer 21

1492

Question 22

WHY did England invade France?

Answer 22

Henry VII knew from informants that Charles VIII was more interested in invading Italy and so he would probably quickly seek a peace settlement with England.

Question 23

WHEN was the Treaty of Etaples?

Answer 23

1492

Question 24

WHAT was the Treaty of Etaples?

Answer 24

An agreement between Henry VII and Charles VIII of France where Charles agreed to:
1) Withdraw his support for Perkin Warbeck
2) Pay an annual pension to Henry VII in compensation for Henry recruiting an army of invasion

Question 25

HOW MUCH was the annual pension Charles VIII of France agreed to pay to Henry VII after the Treaty of Etaples?

Answer 25

50,000 crowns a year for about 15 years. This was around 5% of Henry’s total annual income.

Question 26

WHO was Margaret of Burgundy the relative of?

Answer 26

She was the sister of Richard III

Question 27

WHY was Burgundy important for commercial reasons?

Answer 27

It had jurisdiction over ports in the Netherlands like Antwerp and Bruges that many of England’s exports passed through.

Question 28

WHICH years did Perkin Warbeck have support from Burgundy?

Answer 28

1493-96

Question 29

WHAT does Henry’s trade embargo against Burgundy in 1496 show in relation to his priorities?

Answer 29

It shows that Henry VII prioritised the security of the Tudor dynasty over trade

Question 30

WHEN was the Intercursus Magnus signed?

Answer 30

1496

Question 31

WHAT was the Intercursus Magnus?

Answer 31

An agreement between Henry VII and Philip Duke of Burgundy which brought the end to the trade embargo against Burgundy and Burgundy’s support for Perkin Warbeck.

Question 32

WHEN were the Treaty of Windsor and the Intercurus Malus introduced?

Answer 32

1506

Question 33

WHAT was the Treaty of Windsor?

Answer 33

A Treaty between Henry VII and Philip of Burgundy where Philip and Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian agreed to hand over the Yorkist fugitive, the Earl of Suffolk. It also proposed a marriage alliance between Henry VII and Philip’s sister Archduchess Margaret (but this never took place)

Question 34

WHAT was the Intercursus Malus?

Answer 34

A trade agreement between England and Burgundy that proposed a deal where English merchants did not have to pay any trade duties with the Netherlands while Dutch merchants still had to pay the full tax. It never became fully operative

Question 35

WHEN was the Treaty of Medina del Campo signed?

Answer 35

1489

Question 36

WHAT were the terms of the Treaty of Medina del Campo?

Answer 36

Henry VII and Ferdinand of Spain agreed:
1) Not to harbour rebels or pretenders
2) Not to make treaties with France without sounding the other out first
3) To have equal trading rights for each others’ merchants
4) To arrange a marriage alliance between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon (Ferdinand’s daughter)

Question 37

WHEN did Arthur and Catherine get married?

Answer 37

1499 by proxy and 1501 for real

Question 38

WHEN did Arthur die and why was this bad for England’s foreign policy?

Answer 38

1502 - End of marriage alliance between England and Spain. Henry VII proposed Catherine marry Prince Henry, but Ferdinand had little need for an English alliance and the proposed marriage would require a papal dispensation (permission from the Pope) anyway

Question 39

WHY did Henry VII want to arrange a marriage between Prince Henry and Catherine after Arthur died?

Answer 39

• To maintain a strong alliance with Spain
• To retain Catherine’s dowry

Question 40

WHAT situation did HVII take advantage of to improve relations with Spain and Burgundy in 1506?

Answer 40

Philip of Burgundy and Juana (who was in competition against Ferdinand for the Spanish throne at the time) got shipwrecked at England on their way to Spain and Henry got them to sign the Treaty of Windsor.

Question 41

WHEN did Philip of Burgundy die and why was this bad for England’s foreign policy?

Answer 41

1506 - Juana was described (by her father, Ferdinand) as having gone mad in her grief. Ferdinand became regent of Spain and ensured that Prince Henry would not marry Catherine during Henry VII’s lifetime.

Question 42

WHAT did historian Steven Gunn say about the success of Henry VII’s marriage alliances and WHEN?

Answer 42

2011 - ‘The marriage alliance that sealed peace across the northern border would lead to the union of the crowns a century later in the person of great-greatgrandson James VI and I, and beyond that to the making of the United Kingdom.’