HVII FOREIGN POLICY Flashcards
WHAT were Henry VII’s foreign policy aims?
1) Maintain good relations with European powers
2) Gain international recognition of the Tudor dynasty
3) Maintain national security
4) Defend English trading interests.
WHEN was Perkin Warbeck welcomed in Scotland and for how long?
James IV welcomed Warbeck in the summer of 1495 and he stayed there for 2 years.
WHAT did James IV give to Perkin Warbeck?
£1,200 p/a pension and marriage to James’ cousin
WHEN did Scotland invade England (and with who)?
1496 - King James IV and Perkin Warbeck invaded England with an army (Warbeck was encouraged by James)
What were the consequences of the Scottish invasion of England?
1) Peace with Scotland (James IV signed the Truce of Ayton)
2) Henry’s demand for tax due to the size of his army led to the Cornish rebellion of 1497. It became clear that peace with Scotland was in the interests of England.
WHEN was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace made?
1502
WHAT was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace?
Treaty between England and Scotland (formed from the Truce of Ayton) which included a marriage alliance between King James IV of Scotland and Henry’s daughter, Princess Margaret.
WHAT was the area of Ireland that England had power over?
The Pale
WHO had the Earl of Kildare supported and when?
Lambert Simnel (1486) and Perkin Warbeck (1491)
WHEN and HOW did Henry VII establish royal authority in Ireland?
1491-1496
Henry VII appointed his infant son as Lieutenant of Ireland and appointed Sir Edward Poynings as his deputy. Royal authority was mainly established through threat of force and bribery.
WHAT did Poynings do in Ireland?
1) ‘Poynings’ Law’ - 1495 which laid down that the Irish Parliament could not pass a law with English approval
2) He also tried to implement English law in Ireland
WHY did English control in Ireland fail?
1) It was too expensive and Henry decided to use the cheaper option of Kildare instead
2) Warbeck returned in 1495 and besieged the town of Waterford
WHY did relations between England and Ireland stay fairly peaceful after Poynings was recalled?
In 1496, Kildare decided that there was no benefit supporting the Yorkists and began to serve Henry VII loyally.
WHEN did Henry summon extraordinary revenue in order to raise an army in aid of Brittany?
1489
WHY did Henry raise an army in aid of Brittany?
France had invaded Brittany in 1487
WHAT was the Treaty of Redon?
An agreement between Henry VII and Duchess Anne of Brittany where Duchess Anne paid for a small English army to defend Brittany from France.
WHEN was the Treaty of Redon?
1489
WHO (as well as Brittany) did the Treaty of Redon strengthen alliances with and WHY?
The Holy Roman Empire because Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian had contracted a marriage-by-proxy with Duchess of Anne.
WHEN did Brittany surrender to France (+ WHAT happened)?
1491 - Duchess Anne surrendered and reluctantly married Charles VIII of France, leaving the English army marooned in Brittany
WHEN did Perkin Warbeck land in France?
1491
WHEN did England invade France?
1492
WHY did England invade France?
Henry VII knew from informants that Charles VIII was more interested in invading Italy and so he would probably quickly seek a peace settlement with England.
WHEN was the Treaty of Etaples?
1492
WHAT was the Treaty of Etaples?
An agreement between Henry VII and Charles VIII of France where Charles agreed to:
1) Withdraw his support for Perkin Warbeck
2) Pay an annual pension to Henry VII in compensation for Henry recruiting an army of invasion
HOW MUCH was the annual pension Charles VIII of France agreed to pay to Henry VII after the Treaty of Etaples?
50,000 crowns a year for about 15 years. This was around 5% of Henry’s total annual income.
WHO was Margaret of Burgundy the relative of?
She was the sister of Richard III
WHY was Burgundy important for commercial reasons?
It had jurisdiction over ports in the Netherlands like Antwerp and Bruges that many of England’s exports passed through.
WHICH years did Perkin Warbeck have support from Burgundy?
1493-96
WHAT does Henry’s trade embargo against Burgundy in 1496 show in relation to his priorities?
It shows that Henry VII prioritised the security of the Tudor dynasty over trade
WHEN was the Intercursus Magnus signed?
1496
WHAT was the Intercursus Magnus?
An agreement between Henry VII and Philip Duke of Burgundy which brought the end to the trade embargo against Burgundy and Burgundy’s support for Perkin Warbeck.
WHEN were the Treaty of Windsor and the Intercurus Malus introduced?
1506
WHAT was the Treaty of Windsor?
A Treaty between Henry VII and Philip of Burgundy where Philip and Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian agreed to hand over the Yorkist fugitive, the Earl of Suffolk. It also proposed a marriage alliance between Henry VII and Philip’s sister Archduchess Margaret (but this never took place)
WHAT was the Intercursus Malus?
A trade agreement between England and Burgundy that proposed a deal where English merchants did not have to pay any trade duties with the Netherlands while Dutch merchants still had to pay the full tax. It never became fully operative
WHEN was the Treaty of Medina del Campo signed?
1489
WHAT were the terms of the Treaty of Medina del Campo?
Henry VII and Ferdinand of Spain agreed:
1) Not to harbour rebels or pretenders
2) Not to make treaties with France without sounding the other out first
3) To have equal trading rights for each others’ merchants
4) To arrange a marriage alliance between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon (Ferdinand’s daughter)
WHEN did Arthur and Catherine get married?
1499 by proxy and 1501 for real
WHEN did Arthur die and why was this bad for England’s foreign policy?
1502 - End of marriage alliance between England and Spain. Henry VII proposed Catherine marry Prince Henry, but Ferdinand had little need for an English alliance and the proposed marriage would require a papal dispensation (permission from the Pope) anyway
WHY did Henry VII want to arrange a marriage between Prince Henry and Catherine after Arthur died?
- To maintain a strong alliance with Spain
- To retain Catherine’s dowry
WHAT situation did HVII take advantage of to improve relations with Spain and Burgundy in 1506?
Philip of Burgundy and Juana (who was in competition against Ferdinand for the Spanish throne at the time) got shipwrecked at England on their way to Spain and Henry got them to sign the Treaty of Windsor.
WHEN did Philip of Burgundy die and why was this bad for England’s foreign policy?
1506 - Juana was described (by her father, Ferdinand) as having gone mad in her grief. Ferdinand became regent of Spain and ensured that Prince Henry would not marry Catherine during Henry VII’s lifetime.
WHAT did historian Steven Gunn say about the success of Henry VII’s marriage alliances and WHEN?
2011 - ‘The marriage alliance that sealed peace across the northern border would lead to the union of the crowns a century later in the person of great-greatgrandson James VI and I, and beyond that to the making of the United Kingdom.’
