HVIII FOREIGN POLICY

Question 1

WHAT was the Treaty of Etaples and WHEN was it renewed?

Answer 1

1510 - It was a peace agreement between England and France where France agreed to pay England an annual pension.

Question 2

WHAT was the Holy League and WHEN did England join it?

Answer 2

1510 - An alliance of France’s rivals (including England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, the Papacy)

Question 3

WHAT was the name of Scotland and France’s alliance?

Answer 3

The auld alliance

Question 4

WHAT was the Battle of the Spurs and WHEN was it? (NAME the towns captured)

Answer 4

1513 - A minor English victory against France where England captured the towns of Tournai and Therouanne.

Question 5

HOW MUCH did the invasion of France in 1513 (Battle of the Spurs) cost England? WHAT were the consequences of this?

Answer 5

£930,000 - what England won was worth much less and there were grumblings about taxation in Yorkshire, only narrowly avoiding full scale rebellion. Moreover, England lost the French pension from the Treaty of Etaples

Question 6

WHAT was the Battle of Flodden?

Answer 6

Scottish invasion of England leading to a famous English victory and the death of James IV.

Question 7

WHEN was the Battle of Flodden?

Answer 7

1513, after England’s invasion of France and the Battle of the Spurs

Question 8

WHY can Henry be criticised for his actions after Flodden in 1513?

Answer 8

The infant James V was left in charge of Scotland and the core of the Scottish nobility was killed at Flodden yet Henry did little to take advantage of Scotland while it was in this weak position.

Question 9

WHEN was the marriage alliance between Louis XII of France and Henry’s sister, Mary, formed?

Answer 9

1514

Question 10

WHY was Henry VIII’s sister Mary’s marriage alliance to Louis XII of France not really a foreign policy victory?

Answer 10

• England was practically forced into it as both Spain and the Holy Roman Empire had made separate peace with France previously, leaving England isolated.
• Louis XII died in 1515, less than a year after the marriage

Question 11

WHO replaced Louis XII as King of France and WHEN?

Answer 11

Francis I became King of France in 1515, and Henry VIII regarded him as both a personal and political enemy.

Question 12

WHAT did Henry do in response to the crowning of Francis I as king of France 1515?

Answer 12

Seek a peace alliance with Ferdinand of Spain, as he felt threatened by Francis

Question 13

WHEN did Ferdinand of Spain die?

Answer 13

1516

Question 14

WHAT did Charles V do when he became ruler of Spain 1516?

Answer 14

Sought an alliance with France, rather than England.

Question 15

WHAT key changes occurred in 1514-1516 which affected England’s international position?

Answer 15

1) Marriage alliance between Louis XII of France and Princess Mary, Henry’s sister
2) Death of Louis XII, succeeded by Francis I
3) HVIII sought peace with Ferdinand of Spain as a result
4) Death of Ferdinand of Spain, succeeded by Charles V, who would also become Holy Roman Emperor.

Question 16

WHAT was the Treaty of Cambrai and WHEN was it?

Answer 16

1517 - An alliance between Francis I of France, Charles V of Spain and Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire. This further isolated England.

Question 17

WHEN was the Treaty of Cambrai?

Answer 17

1517

Question 18

WHO was the Duke of Albany?

Answer 18

A member of the French nobility who was heir presumptive to the Scottish throne when James V became king. He was appointed regent to the Scottish throne in 1517.

Question 19

WHY was the appointment of the Duke of Albany as regent less of a threat as it could have been?

Answer 19

There were huge divisions among the Scottish nobility at the time.

Question 20

HOW MANY states were involved in the Treaty of London? NAME examples.

Answer 20

24 - including Spain, France, the Holy Roman Empire and the Papal states.

Question 21

WHY was the Treaty of London important for England?

Answer 21

It established England as Europe’s peacemaker (which lasted until 1522). Each state also signed a separate peace agreement with England, which made Henry VIII at the heart of the peacemaking process.

Question 22

WHEN was the Treaty of London?

Answer 22

1518

Question 23

WHEN was Charles V elected as Holy Roman Emperor?

Answer 23

1519

Question 24

WHAT is a possible reason for the improved Anglo-French relations of 1518-1520?

Answer 24

France may have felt threatened by the appointment of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor as he now controlled both bordering areas of France (the Holy Roman Empire and Spain)

Question 25

WHAT was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?

Answer 25

A meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I which demonstrated the strength of Anglo-French relations

Question 26

WHEN was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?

Answer 26

1520

Question 27

Why did Henry abandon the French in 1521 after a few years of good Anglo-French relations?

Answer 27

Fighting renewed between Charles V and Francis and Henry VIII abandoned the French to side with Charles

Question 28

WHAT was the Treaty of Bruges and WHEN was it?

Answer 28

1521 - it was an alliance between Henry VIII and Charles V which included a marriage alliance between Charles and Henry’s daughter, Princess Mary

Question 29

WHEN was the Treaty of Bruges?

Answer 29

1521

Question 30

WHY did Charles V go back on his marriage agreement with Princess Mary?

Answer 30

After the Holy Roman Empire’s major win against France with the Battle of Pavia in 1525, Henry proposed a joint invasion, but Charles refused and went back on the marriage alliance.

Question 31

WHEN did Charles V go back on his marriage alliance with Princess Mary?

Answer 31

1525 (after the Battle of Pavia)

Question 32

WHAT was the League of Cognac?

Answer 32

An alliance between England, France, the Papacy and several others against Charles V and the Habsburgs

Question 33

WHEN did England join the League of Cognac and WHY?

Answer 33

1526 - after the snub of Charles V going back on their marriage alliance

Question 34

WHEN was the Sack of Rome?

Answer 34

1527

Question 35

WHAT happened in 1527 that reduced the likelihood of Henry getting his divorce from Catherine?

Answer 35

The Sack of Rome - the Holy Roman Empire captured the city of Rome which made the Pope the virtual prisoner of Charles V. Charles V was the nephew of Catherine and so he did not want the divorce to take place

Question 36

WHAT was the Treaty of Amiens?

Answer 36

An alliance between England and France against Charles V that included a trade embargo against Spain

Question 37

WHEN was the Treaty of Amiens?

Answer 37

1527

Question 38

WHY did the Treaty of Amiens 1527 fail?

Answer 38

Charles responded with his own trade embargo against England which hurt the English economy so they had to back down.

Question 39

WHO did England make a defensive alliance with in 1532?

Answer 39

France

Question 40

WHY did the Anglo-French alliance fall through in 1532?

Answer 40

Francis I sought a marriage alliance between his son, Henry, and the Pope’s niece, Catherine de Medici

Question 41

WHEN was the Earl of Kildare dismissed?

Answer 41

1534

Question 42

WHAT were the consequences of the dismissal of the Earl of Kildare?

Answer 42

1) There was a major rebellion in Ireland which was suppressed with a lot of difficulty (and money)
2) Henry tried to establish more English control through a royal government and substantial military presence (also very costly)

Question 43

WHEN did Henry VIII first attempt to make an alliance with the League of Schmalkalden? HOW successful was it?

Answer 43

1535 - it failed due to mutual distrust

Question 44

WHY was there reduced pressure on England in 1536?

Answer 44

1) There was renewed fighting between Francis I and Charles V
2) Death of Catherine of Aragon
3) Execution of Anne Boleyn

Question 45

WHAT was the Treaty of Nice and WHEN was it?

Answer 45

1538 - alliance between Francis I and Charles V, agreeing to sever ties with England

Question 46

WHAT did the Pope do in 1538 that increased pressure on England?

Answer 46

1) Deposed Henry VIII, meaning English Catholics did not have to obey him
2) Sent envoys to France and Scotland to rouse support for a Catholic crusade against England

Question 47

WHEN did Henry VIII marry Anne of Cleves?

Answer 47

1539

Question 48

WHICH state was Henry VIII (and Cromwell) aiming to ally with using Henry’s marriage to Anne of Cleves?

Answer 48

The Protestant League of Schmalkalden

Question 49

WHAT happened in Ireland in 1539?

Answer 49

Growing resentment of English control led to two prominent Irish nobles, Con O’Neill and Manus O’Donnell, invaded the Pale

Question 50

WHEN did England try to pacify Ireland under Henry VIII (after increasing unrest)?

Answer 50

1541

Question 51

WHAT did England try to do to pacify Ireland under Henry VIII?

Answer 51

• Established Ireland as a separate kingdom, under English law
• Created counties out of Gaelic lordships
• Granted Irish nobles peerage titles, with legal protection

Question 52

HOW successful were Henry VIII’s attempts to control Ireland?

Answer 52

Not greatly:
- There was no residual loyalty to the English Crown
- The English government lacked resources to follow through on reforms
- Religious differences after the Reformation

Question 53

WHAT was the Battle of Solway Moss?

Answer 53

English invasion of Scotland that resulted in an English victory and the death of James V, leaving the one-week-old Mary (Queen of Scots) as ruler

Question 54

WHEN was the Battle of Solway Moss?

Answer 54

1542

Question 55

WHY could Henry be criticised for his actions after the Battle of Solway Moss?

Answer 55

The infant Mary was queen and Henry failed to exploit Scotland when they were weak (again) because he was too focused on victory against France.

Question 56

WHAT was the Treaty of Greenwich?

Answer 56

An agreement between Scotland and England after the Battle of Solway Moss which proposed a marriage alliance between the young Prince Edward and the even younger Mary. This was later called ‘rough wooing’.

Question 57

WHEN was the Treaty of Greenwich?

Answer 57

1543

Question 58

WHAT was the Scottish response to the Treaty of Greenwich?

Answer 58

At first the Earl of Arran, the Scottish regent, supported the treaty, but he then deserted the English cause and Scottish parliament refused to ratify the treaty

Question 59

WHEN did Henry make an alliance with the Holy Roman Empire to facilitate a French invasion?

Answer 59

1543

Question 60

WHAT did Henry VIII do in response to Scotland refusing to sign the Treaty of Greenwich?

Answer 60

Ordered the Earl of Hereford to raid Edinburgh, Leith and St. Andrews (impulsive decision)

Question 61

WHEN did Henry VIII raid Edinburgh, Leith and St. Andrews?

Answer 61

1544

Question 62

WHEN did Henry VIII invade France against the advice of his councillors due to his poor health?

Answer 62

1544

Question 63

HOW successful was the 1544 invasion of France?

Answer 63

He captured Boulogne, but besieged Montreuil unsuccessfully and Charles V was sick of the conflict and made separate peace with Francis I

Question 64

WHAT was the Battle of Ancrum Moor?

Answer 64

Fight between England and Scotland where England had a crushing defeat

Question 65

WHEN was the Battle of Ancrum Moor?

Answer 65

1545

Question 66

WHAT did France do in 1545?

Answer 66

1) Sent troops to Scotland to help with a possible Scottish invasion (which luckily never materialised)
2) Raided the Isle of Wight

Question 67

WHEN did Henry VIII make his final alliance with France and why?

Answer 67

1546 - neither could afford to continue their conflict

Question 68

WHAT did Henry have to do after he had spent so much money on war? WHAT were the consequences of this?

Answer 68

1) Sell much of the Crown estate
2) Borrow large sums of money
Both of these debased the English coinage and increased the rate of inflation.

Question 69

WHY was Henry VIII’s final alliance with France in 1546 necessary for the succession of Edward VI?

Answer 69

With Henry VIII’s deteriorating health, it was clear a regency council under Edward VI would be ruling England after Henry’s death. Peace with France meant the regency council (weak) would not be under threat.