HVIII FOREIGN POLICY Flashcards
WHAT was the Treaty of Etaples and WHEN was it renewed?
1510 - It was a peace agreement between England and France where France agreed to pay England an annual pension.
WHAT was the Holy League and WHEN did England join it?
1510 - An alliance of France’s rivals (including England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, the Papacy)
WHAT was the name of Scotland and France’s alliance?
The auld alliance
WHAT was the Battle of the Spurs and WHEN was it? (NAME the towns captured)
1513 - A minor English victory against France where England captured the towns of Tournai and Therouanne.
HOW MUCH did the invasion of France in 1513 (Battle of the Spurs) cost England? WHAT were the consequences of this?
£930,000 - what England won was worth much less and there were grumblings about taxation in Yorkshire, only narrowly avoiding full scale rebellion. Moreover, England lost the French pension from the Treaty of Etaples
WHAT was the Battle of Flodden?
Scottish invasion of England leading to a famous English victory and the death of James IV.
WHEN was the Battle of Flodden?
1513, after England’s invasion of France and the Battle of the Spurs
WHY can Henry be criticised for his actions after Flodden in 1513?
The infant James V was left in charge of Scotland and the core of the Scottish nobility was killed at Flodden yet Henry did little to take advantage of Scotland while it was in this weak position.
WHEN was the marriage alliance between Louis XII of France and Henry’s sister, Mary, formed?
1514
WHY was Henry VIII’s sister Mary’s marriage alliance to Louis XII of France not really a foreign policy victory?
- England was practically forced into it as both Spain and the Holy Roman Empire had made separate peace with France previously, leaving England isolated.
- Louis XII died in 1515, less than a year after the marriage
WHO replaced Louis XII as King of France and WHEN?
Francis I became King of France in 1515, and Henry VIII regarded him as both a personal and political enemy.
WHAT did Henry do in response to the crowning of Francis I as king of France 1515?
Seek a peace alliance with Ferdinand of Spain, as he felt threatened by Francis
WHEN did Ferdinand of Spain die?
1516
WHAT did Charles V do when he became ruler of Spain 1516?
Sought an alliance with France, rather than England.
WHAT key changes occurred in 1514-1516 which affected England’s international position?
1) Marriage alliance between Louis XII of France and Princess Mary, Henry’s sister
2) Death of Louis XII, succeeded by Francis I
3) HVIII sought peace with Ferdinand of Spain as a result
4) Death of Ferdinand of Spain, succeeded by Charles V, who would also become Holy Roman Emperor.
WHAT was the Treaty of Cambrai and WHEN was it?
1517 - An alliance between Francis I of France, Charles V of Spain and Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire. This further isolated England.
WHEN was the Treaty of Cambrai?
1517
WHO was the Duke of Albany?
A member of the French nobility who was heir presumptive to the Scottish throne when James V became king. He was appointed regent to the Scottish throne in 1517.
WHY was the appointment of the Duke of Albany as regent less of a threat as it could have been?
There were huge divisions among the Scottish nobility at the time.
HOW MANY states were involved in the Treaty of London? NAME examples.
24 - including Spain, France, the Holy Roman Empire and the Papal states.
WHY was the Treaty of London important for England?
It established England as Europe’s peacemaker (which lasted until 1522). Each state also signed a separate peace agreement with England, which made Henry VIII at the heart of the peacemaking process.
WHEN was the Treaty of London?
1518
WHEN was Charles V elected as Holy Roman Emperor?
1519
WHAT is a possible reason for the improved Anglo-French relations of 1518-1520?
France may have felt threatened by the appointment of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor as he now controlled both bordering areas of France (the Holy Roman Empire and Spain)
WHAT was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?
A meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I which demonstrated the strength of Anglo-French relations
WHEN was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?
1520
Why did Henry abandon the French in 1521 after a few years of good Anglo-French relations?
Fighting renewed between Charles V and Francis and Henry VIII abandoned the French to side with Charles
WHAT was the Treaty of Bruges and WHEN was it?
1521 - it was an alliance between Henry VIII and Charles V which included a marriage alliance between Charles and Henry’s daughter, Princess Mary
WHEN was the Treaty of Bruges?
1521
WHY did Charles V go back on his marriage agreement with Princess Mary?
After the Holy Roman Empire’s major win against France with the Battle of Pavia in 1525, Henry proposed a joint invasion, but Charles refused and went back on the marriage alliance.
WHEN did Charles V go back on his marriage alliance with Princess Mary?
1525 (after the Battle of Pavia)
WHAT was the League of Cognac?
An alliance between England, France, the Papacy and several others against Charles V and the Habsburgs
WHEN did England join the League of Cognac and WHY?
1526 - after the snub of Charles V going back on their marriage alliance
WHEN was the Sack of Rome?
1527
WHAT happened in 1527 that reduced the likelihood of Henry getting his divorce from Catherine?
The Sack of Rome - the Holy Roman Empire captured the city of Rome which made the Pope the virtual prisoner of Charles V. Charles V was the nephew of Catherine and so he did not want the divorce to take place
WHAT was the Treaty of Amiens?
An alliance between England and France against Charles V that included a trade embargo against Spain
WHEN was the Treaty of Amiens?
1527
WHY did the Treaty of Amiens 1527 fail?
Charles responded with his own trade embargo against England which hurt the English economy so they had to back down.
WHO did England make a defensive alliance with in 1532?
France
WHY did the Anglo-French alliance fall through in 1532?
Francis I sought a marriage alliance between his son, Henry, and the Pope’s niece, Catherine de Medici
WHEN was the Earl of Kildare dismissed?
1534
WHAT were the consequences of the dismissal of the Earl of Kildare?
1) There was a major rebellion in Ireland which was suppressed with a lot of difficulty (and money)
2) Henry tried to establish more English control through a royal government and substantial military presence (also very costly)
WHEN did Henry VIII first attempt to make an alliance with the League of Schmalkalden? HOW successful was it?
1535 - it failed due to mutual distrust
WHY was there reduced pressure on England in 1536?
1) There was renewed fighting between Francis I and Charles V
2) Death of Catherine of Aragon
3) Execution of Anne Boleyn
WHAT was the Treaty of Nice and WHEN was it?
1538 - alliance between Francis I and Charles V, agreeing to sever ties with England
WHAT did the Pope do in 1538 that increased pressure on England?
1) Deposed Henry VIII, meaning English Catholics did not have to obey him
2) Sent envoys to France and Scotland to rouse support for a Catholic crusade against England
WHEN did Henry VIII marry Anne of Cleves?
1539
WHICH state was Henry VIII (and Cromwell) aiming to ally with using Henry’s marriage to Anne of Cleves?
The Protestant League of Schmalkalden
WHAT happened in Ireland in 1539?
Growing resentment of English control led to two prominent Irish nobles, Con O’Neill and Manus O’Donnell, invaded the Pale
WHEN did England try to pacify Ireland under Henry VIII (after increasing unrest)?
1541
WHAT did England try to do to pacify Ireland under Henry VIII?
- Established Ireland as a separate kingdom, under English law
- Created counties out of Gaelic lordships
- Granted Irish nobles peerage titles, with legal protection
HOW successful were Henry VIII’s attempts to control Ireland?
Not greatly:
- There was no residual loyalty to the English Crown
- The English government lacked resources to follow through on reforms
- Religious differences after the Reformation
WHAT was the Battle of Solway Moss?
English invasion of Scotland that resulted in an English victory and the death of James V, leaving the one-week-old Mary (Queen of Scots) as ruler
WHEN was the Battle of Solway Moss?
1542
WHY could Henry be criticised for his actions after the Battle of Solway Moss?
The infant Mary was queen and Henry failed to exploit Scotland when they were weak (again) because he was too focused on victory against France.
WHAT was the Treaty of Greenwich?
An agreement between Scotland and England after the Battle of Solway Moss which proposed a marriage alliance between the young Prince Edward and the even younger Mary. This was later called ‘rough wooing’.
WHEN was the Treaty of Greenwich?
1543
WHAT was the Scottish response to the Treaty of Greenwich?
At first the Earl of Arran, the Scottish regent, supported the treaty, but he then deserted the English cause and Scottish parliament refused to ratify the treaty
WHEN did Henry make an alliance with the Holy Roman Empire to facilitate a French invasion?
1543
WHAT did Henry VIII do in response to Scotland refusing to sign the Treaty of Greenwich?
Ordered the Earl of Hereford to raid Edinburgh, Leith and St. Andrews (impulsive decision)
WHEN did Henry VIII raid Edinburgh, Leith and St. Andrews?
1544
WHEN did Henry VIII invade France against the advice of his councillors due to his poor health?
1544
HOW successful was the 1544 invasion of France?
He captured Boulogne, but besieged Montreuil unsuccessfully and Charles V was sick of the conflict and made separate peace with Francis I
WHAT was the Battle of Ancrum Moor?
Fight between England and Scotland where England had a crushing defeat
WHEN was the Battle of Ancrum Moor?
1545
WHAT did France do in 1545?
1) Sent troops to Scotland to help with a possible Scottish invasion (which luckily never materialised)
2) Raided the Isle of Wight
WHEN did Henry VIII make his final alliance with France and why?
1546 - neither could afford to continue their conflict
WHAT did Henry have to do after he had spent so much money on war? WHAT were the consequences of this?
1) Sell much of the Crown estate
2) Borrow large sums of money
Both of these debased the English coinage and increased the rate of inflation.
WHY was Henry VIII’s final alliance with France in 1546 necessary for the succession of Edward VI?
With Henry VIII’s deteriorating health, it was clear a regency council under Edward VI would be ruling England after Henry’s death. Peace with France meant the regency council (weak) would not be under threat.
