Human Reproduction Flashcards
How do humans reproduce
Sexually (2 parents)
Do both parents produce sex cells?
Yes
Was is the sex cel a,so known as
Gamete
What is the male gamete
Sperm
What is the female gamete
Egg
What two things join during fertilisation
The sperm nucleus and the egg nucleus
What is fertilisation
Fertilisation occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg
Where does fertilisation occurs
The Fallopian tube
Function of testes
To produce sperm
Function of scrotum
To hold the testes outside the body which favours sperm production (temp 2 degrees lower)
Sperm duct function
To carry sperm from testes to the penis
Prostate gland function
To produce fluid which nourishes the sperm
Fluid + sperm = semen
Penis function
To deliver sperm into the woman’s body
Ovary function
To produce eggs
Fallopian tube function
To carry the egg towards the womb. Fertilisation occurs here
Womb (uterus) function
To hold baby during pregnancy
Cervix function
The entrance to the womb
Vagina function.
To hold the penis during sexual intercourse. To allow childbirth
What is menstruation
The shedding of the lining of the uterus (commonly referred to as ‘having a period’)
How long does the menstrual cycle last
28 days
What happens during days 1-5
Lining of uterus breaking down (menstruation)
What happens during days 6-13
Lining of womb develops
What happens during day 14
Ovulation
What happens during days 15-28
Lining remains in place
During what days does menustration occur
1-5
During what days does the new lining develop
6-13
What happens on day 14
Ovulation
What days do the lining remain in place
15-28
What is ovulation
The release of an egg from the ovary and occurs around day 14
What is reproduction
The production of new individuals
When is the fertile period
11-16
How long can the sperm and egg each stay alive for
Sperm - up to 3
Egg - 2
What is sexual intercourse
When the erect penis of the male is placed in the vagina of the female
WHat does fertilisation result in
a zygote
How does a zygote turn into a foetus
A zygote undergoes cell division and develops within the womb into a foetus
What is an embryo
A ball of cells made from the many decisions a zygote has gone through
What is implantation
When the embryo gets attached to the linings of the uterus within a few days of fertilisation
What is the membrane the foetus gets surrounded by
Amnion
What liquid fills up the amnion
Amniotic fluid
After how many weeks can an embryo get recognised as a human
8
How many weeks does pregnancy usually last?
40
Explain how the placenta and umbilical cord attach to the baby
The placenta forms early in pregnancy.
• The baby’s blood passes through the umbilical cord to and from the placenta.
• The umbilical cord attaches to the lining of the uterus.
• The umbilical cord attaches to the baby at the belly button.
What is the function of the placenta
The placenta’s function is to allow materials to pass between the mother and the baby in the uterus.
– Food and oxygen pass from the mother’s blood into the baby’s blood.
– Waste products pass from the baby to the mother.
– Along with these useful functions the placenta also allows harmful substances pass into the baby.
State 5 things that happen during birth
- Contractions begin (muscles in the uterus contract).
- ‘Breaking of the waters’ (liquid, or amniotic fluid or fluid escapes).
- Cervix dilates (widens).
- The baby is pushed through the cervix (into the vagina)
- Placenta pushed out after.
What is puberty
Puberty is the stage in life during which a person becomes sexually mature
Puberty in girls
- Puberty brings about an increase in size of ovaries and womb
- Marks the start of the menstrual cycle.
- Other characteristics include pubic hair, wider hips, growth spurt, breasts grow, ‘spots’.
Puberty in boys
- Puberty brings about an increase in the size of the penis and testes.
- Marks the start of semen production.
- Other characteristics include pubic, facial and body hair; growth spurt; deeper voice, increased muscle, ‘spots’.
What is contraception
Contraception involves the prevention of a woman getting pregnant.
Ways of contraception
- Natural Methods: Detect day of ovulation and avoid intercourse during fertile period.
- Artificial Methods: Using a condom or surgery to close off the sperm ducts or fallopian tubes.
- Preventing Implantation: Taking ‘the pill’ which prevents an egg forming or being released in the ovary.
