Human Physiology Exam 1

Question 1

Glucose in your blood is an example of a__________ in the human body?

Answer 1

Chemical

Question 2

Neurons are an example of a_________ in the human body?

Answer 2

Cell

Question 3

Blood is considered to be _________ tissue?

Answer 3

Connective

Question 4

Which of the following tissue types are found in the bladder?

Answer 4

All of the above tissues are found in the bladder

Question 5

Communication is the main function of the _________ system.

Answer 5

Endocrine

Question 6

Plasma

Answer 6

Is extracellular fluid found within the circulatory system.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about nuclei is correct?

Answer 7

The nucleus contains our genetic code or DNA

Question 8

The _________ contains ribosomes that synthesis proteins that will be secreted from the cell.

Answer 8

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 9

______ codes for amino acids and is read by ribosomes, while _______ brings amino acids to the ribosomes.

Answer 9

mRNA: tRNA

Question 10

Adipocytes or fat cells have a lot of _______ to synthesize the triglycerides that get stored there.

Answer 10

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 11

The beta cells in your pancreas make insulin, which is a peptide hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. Insulin is made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and wrapped in a membrane by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It is then sent to the _________ to be processed and packaged into secretory vesicles to be released when blood glucose levels increase.

Answer 11

Golgi complex

Question 12

A bacterial cell phagocytized by a macrophage would fuse with a ________ inside the macrophage to be digested by hydrolytic enzymes.

Answer 12

Lysosome

Question 13

Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is a byproduct of aerobic respiration. Knowing this, you would expect cells that do a lot of aerobic respiration to have a lot of ________ to convert the hydrogen peroxide back to water and oxygen.

Answer 13

Peroxisomes

Question 14

The ______ is where the majority of ATP is produced in a cell.

Answer 14

Mitochondria

Question 15

Which of the following cytoskeletal elements do not rearrange themselves and are therefore considered to be permanent?

Answer 15

Intermediate filaments

Question 16

Flagella and cilia are made up of _______, which can rearrange and therefore cause movement.

Answer 16

Microtubules

Question 17

Cardiomyocytes in the heart contain all three major types of cell junctions.__________ that act like spot rivers to keep the cells from being pulled apart when the heart fills with blood.________ that allows ions like sodium and calcium to flow directly from cell to cell allowing the heart to contract as a unit. ________ that prevent blood from leaking between the cells.

Answer 17

Desmosomes: Gap junctions: Tight junctions

Question 18

________ groups are the functional groups found on proteins that contain nitrogen.

Answer 18

Amino

Question 19

The synthesis of lactose in the mammoth glands from glucose and galactose is an example of a ____________ reaction where _________ is used and _________ is released.

Answer 19

Dehydration synthesis: energy: water

Question 20

Which of the following polysaccharides is not digested in our small intestine, cause we do not produce enzymes capable of breaking the covalent bonds between the glucose molecules?

Answer 20

Cellulose

Question 21

Our bodies use ______ for energy storage because they are energy dense and do not require water to store.

Answer 21

Triglycerides

Question 22

_______ like testosterone and estrogen are lipids made up of carbon rings and act as signaling molecules.

Answer 22

Steroids

Question 23

The 20 different amino acids used to make proteins have different ________.

Answer 23

Side chains

Question 24

Which of the following is a type of protein?

Answer 24

All of the above are proteins

Question 25

When a protein denatures:

Answer 25

The peptide bonds holding the amino acids together have been broken. The protein unfolds losing its quaternary and tertiary structure.

Question 26

Enzymes:

Answer 26

All of the above.

Question 27

Which of the following nucleic acid is double stranded?

Answer 27

DNA

Question 28

Glycolysis is a series of enzymatic reactions that breaks one six carbon _______ into two three carbon _________.

Answer 28

Glucose: pyruvates

Question 29

When your skeletal muscles undergo intense contractions, like bench pressing 200 pounds, enough oxygen is not available for the electron transport chain to continue, so glycolysis is the only way your muscles have to make ATP. In order for glycolysis to continue without oxygen ________ has to be converted to _______.

Answer 29

Pyruvate: lactic acid

Question 30

The Krebs cycle:

Answer 30

All of the above are true of the Krebs cycle

Question 31

The role of NAD and FAD in aerobic respiration is:

Answer 31

To carry the high energy electrons and hydrogen released during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain.

Question 32

The electron transport chain:

Answer 32

All of the above are correct.

Question 33

You cell can make ATP from which of the following molecules?

Answer 33

All of the above

Question 34

The lipid bilateral that forms the foundation of our plasma membranes is made by amphipathic _______.

Answer 34

Phospholipids

Question 35

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. Which of the following substances will freely cross the plasma membrane via passive diffusion?

Answer 35

Oxygen

Question 36

_________ increases the fluidity and stability of the plasma membrane.

Answer 36

Cholesterol

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a type of protein found in or associated with the plasma membrane?

Answer 37

Cell adhesion molecules

Question 38

A _____ has a negative charge because it has________ an electron.

Answer 38

Anion: accepted

Question 39

Potassium

Answer 39

Can move down its electrochemical gradient through leak channels when cells are at rest.

Question 40

The resting membrane potential of most of our cells is __________ because:

Answer 40

-70mV: there are more anions in intercellular than in extracellular fluid.

Question 41

Which of the following would increase the diffusion rate of oxygen into your lungs?

Answer 41

Breathing through an oxygen mask that is delivering oxygen enriched air.

Question 42

When you are dehydrated, the similarity of your plasma _______ and water ______ your red blood cells, causing them to shrink.

Answer 42

Increases: leaves: shrink

Question 43

If sodium channels open on the plasma membrane, sodium will:

Answer 43

Diffuse into the cell

Move down it’s electrochemical gradient

Question 44

For glucose to enter hepatocytes (liver cells), glucose needs to be in higher concentration in extracellular fluid than intercellular fluid. Therefore glucose is moving by_________ to enter hepatocytes.

Answer 44

Facilitated diffusion

Question 45

The sodium potassium pump:

Answer 45

Is a primary active transporter that uses one molecule of ATP to pump three sodium out of the cell and two potassium into the cell.

Question 46

The calcium ATPase present on the sarcoplasmic reticulum of our skeleton muscle fibers directly uses ATP to pump calcium out of the cytoplasm into the sarcoplasmic reticulum against calcium’s electrochemical gradient. Therefore calcium is moving by ________ across the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle fibers.

Answer 46

Primary active transport

Question 47

On the apical membrane of proximal tubule cells in our nephrons, glucose moves up its concentration gradient as it enters the cell from the lumen of the nephron. If the chemical ouabain which shuts down sodium potassium pumps, is present glucose is no longer transported across the apical membrane because the sodium gradient is disrupted and is excreted in the urine. Therefore glucose is moving by __________ across the social membrane of proximal tubule cells.

Answer 47

Secondary active transport

Question 48

Insulin is a peptide hormone that is packaged into secretory vesicles by beta cells in the pancreas. When blood glucose levels increase, beta cells in the pancreas release insulin by _________ in order to cause insulin sensitive cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream.

Answer 48

Exocytosis