Human Physiology Exam 1 Flashcards
Glucose in your blood is an example of a__________ in the human body?
Chemical
Neurons are an example of a_________ in the human body?
Cell
Blood is considered to be _________ tissue?
Connective
Which of the following tissue types are found in the bladder?
All of the above tissues are found in the bladder
Communication is the main function of the _________ system.
Endocrine
Plasma
Is extracellular fluid found within the circulatory system.
Which of the following statements about nuclei is correct?
The nucleus contains our genetic code or DNA
The _________ contains ribosomes that synthesis proteins that will be secreted from the cell.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
______ codes for amino acids and is read by ribosomes, while _______ brings amino acids to the ribosomes.
mRNA: tRNA
Adipocytes or fat cells have a lot of _______ to synthesize the triglycerides that get stored there.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The beta cells in your pancreas make insulin, which is a peptide hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. Insulin is made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and wrapped in a membrane by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It is then sent to the _________ to be processed and packaged into secretory vesicles to be released when blood glucose levels increase.
Golgi complex
A bacterial cell phagocytized by a macrophage would fuse with a ________ inside the macrophage to be digested by hydrolytic enzymes.
Lysosome
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is a byproduct of aerobic respiration. Knowing this, you would expect cells that do a lot of aerobic respiration to have a lot of ________ to convert the hydrogen peroxide back to water and oxygen.
Peroxisomes
The ______ is where the majority of ATP is produced in a cell.
Mitochondria
Which of the following cytoskeletal elements do not rearrange themselves and are therefore considered to be permanent?
Intermediate filaments
Flagella and cilia are made up of _______, which can rearrange and therefore cause movement.
Microtubules
Cardiomyocytes in the heart contain all three major types of cell junctions.__________ that act like spot rivers to keep the cells from being pulled apart when the heart fills with blood.________ that allows ions like sodium and calcium to flow directly from cell to cell allowing the heart to contract as a unit. ________ that prevent blood from leaking between the cells.
Desmosomes: Gap junctions: Tight junctions
________ groups are the functional groups found on proteins that contain nitrogen.
Amino
The synthesis of lactose in the mammoth glands from glucose and galactose is an example of a ____________ reaction where _________ is used and _________ is released.
Dehydration synthesis: energy: water
Which of the following polysaccharides is not digested in our small intestine, cause we do not produce enzymes capable of breaking the covalent bonds between the glucose molecules?
Cellulose
Our bodies use ______ for energy storage because they are energy dense and do not require water to store.
Triglycerides
_______ like testosterone and estrogen are lipids made up of carbon rings and act as signaling molecules.
Steroids
The 20 different amino acids used to make proteins have different ________.
Side chains
Which of the following is a type of protein?
All of the above are proteins
When a protein denatures:
The peptide bonds holding the amino acids together have been broken. The protein unfolds losing its quaternary and tertiary structure.
Enzymes:
All of the above.
Which of the following nucleic acid is double stranded?
DNA
Glycolysis is a series of enzymatic reactions that breaks one six carbon _______ into two three carbon _________.
Glucose: pyruvates
When your skeletal muscles undergo intense contractions, like bench pressing 200 pounds, enough oxygen is not available for the electron transport chain to continue, so glycolysis is the only way your muscles have to make ATP. In order for glycolysis to continue without oxygen ________ has to be converted to _______.
Pyruvate: lactic acid
The Krebs cycle:
All of the above are true of the Krebs cycle
The role of NAD and FAD in aerobic respiration is:
To carry the high energy electrons and hydrogen released during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain.
The electron transport chain:
All of the above are correct.
You cell can make ATP from which of the following molecules?
All of the above
The lipid bilateral that forms the foundation of our plasma membranes is made by amphipathic _______.
Phospholipids
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. Which of the following substances will freely cross the plasma membrane via passive diffusion?
Oxygen
_________ increases the fluidity and stability of the plasma membrane.
Cholesterol
Which of the following is NOT a type of protein found in or associated with the plasma membrane?
Cell adhesion molecules
A _____ has a negative charge because it has________ an electron.
Anion: accepted
Potassium
Can move down its electrochemical gradient through leak channels when cells are at rest.
The resting membrane potential of most of our cells is __________ because:
-70mV: there are more anions in intercellular than in extracellular fluid.
Which of the following would increase the diffusion rate of oxygen into your lungs?
Breathing through an oxygen mask that is delivering oxygen enriched air.
When you are dehydrated, the similarity of your plasma _______ and water ______ your red blood cells, causing them to shrink.
Increases: leaves: shrink
If sodium channels open on the plasma membrane, sodium will:
Diffuse into the cell
Move down it’s electrochemical gradient
For glucose to enter hepatocytes (liver cells), glucose needs to be in higher concentration in extracellular fluid than intercellular fluid. Therefore glucose is moving by_________ to enter hepatocytes.
Facilitated diffusion
The sodium potassium pump:
Is a primary active transporter that uses one molecule of ATP to pump three sodium out of the cell and two potassium into the cell.
The calcium ATPase present on the sarcoplasmic reticulum of our skeleton muscle fibers directly uses ATP to pump calcium out of the cytoplasm into the sarcoplasmic reticulum against calcium’s electrochemical gradient. Therefore calcium is moving by ________ across the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle fibers.
Primary active transport
On the apical membrane of proximal tubule cells in our nephrons, glucose moves up its concentration gradient as it enters the cell from the lumen of the nephron. If the chemical ouabain which shuts down sodium potassium pumps, is present glucose is no longer transported across the apical membrane because the sodium gradient is disrupted and is excreted in the urine. Therefore glucose is moving by __________ across the social membrane of proximal tubule cells.
Secondary active transport
Insulin is a peptide hormone that is packaged into secretory vesicles by beta cells in the pancreas. When blood glucose levels increase, beta cells in the pancreas release insulin by _________ in order to cause insulin sensitive cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream.
Exocytosis
