Human Physiology 1 Flashcards
What are the 5 main nutrients? Which ones are organic, and what are organic compounds composed of?
Vitamins and Minerals, and Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins (C, H, O, Proteins have N)
What are the two types of reactions?
Dehydration Synthesis or Condensation Reaction (builds larger molecules (polymers) by removing water from two smaller molecules)
Hydrolysis (breaks large molecules (polymers) into smaller molecules by adding water)
What is a Monomer? A Dimer? A Polymer?
A monomer is a single molecule that can connect to other monomers with covalent bonds
A dimer is a molecule with two monomer subunits
A polymer is a molecule with 3 or more molecule subunits
What is a Carbohydrate?
A molecule composed of sugar subunits with C:H:O in a 1:2:1 ratio
- fast energy source
- plants use for structural support (cell wall), plants make carbohydrates (photosynthesis)
- humans cannot make (food=source)
- sugar names have suffix “-ose,” classified by number of sugar units they contain
What are the different types of Carbohydrates?
monosaccharides (simplest), disaccharides (2 mono by dehydration synth), polysaccharides (many single sugar, good for storing energy) ENERGY SOURCE
Examples of Polysaccharides:
- glycogen (stores glucose in animals)
- starch (stores glucose in animals)
- cellulose (plant cell walls made of cellulose)
What are Lipids?
made of C, H, O (not 1:2:1), formed from glycerol and fatty acids, high energy per gram, insoluble, formed by dehydration synth, broken down by hydrolysis, long term ENERGY STORAGE, components of cell membranes (phospholipids), insulation, cushion for organs)
What are the 3 types of Lipids?
Triglycerides (1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids)
- 2 main types (fats and oils)
- long term storage in fat cells
- excess calories stored as triglycerides
Phospholipids (1 phosphate and 2 fatty acids)
- major components of cell membranes (bilayer)
Waxes
- mostly for waterproofing and protection
- ex) upper epidermis
What are proteins?
polymer (chain) of amino acids, contains N, STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF CELLS, enzymes, antibodies, 20 different amino acids (R group only difference), bonds between amino acids called peptide bonds, formed by dehydration synth, broken by hydrolysis, 4 structural categories, primary straight, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure
What is denaturation?
bonds that cause protein to fold are disrupted, causing protein to change shape, caused by heat, pH change, radiation
What are substrates?
reactants
What are catalysts?
chemicals that speed up chem reactions at low temp without changing reaction products catalysts remain unchanged)
What is an enzyme?
a protein catalyst that allows chem reactions to occur at low temp, reduces activation energy for rxn, suffix “-ase” (ex. protease, carbohydrase, lipase are all enzymes of digestion)
What is an active site and substrate? Substrate complex?
active site: area of enzyme that joins to substrate molecule (keyhole)
substrate: molecules on which the enzyme works (reactant)
substrate complex: when substrate connected to enzyme
