Cell Respiration 1 Flashcards
Metabolism: what are anabolic reactions? Provide examples
They build bigger molecules, photosynthesis, bone/muscle growth, 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Metabolism: what are catabolic reactions? Provide examples
They breakdown molecules, cell respiration, digestion of food into monomers, C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
What is ATP?
Universal energy molecule, unstable bond between 3rd phosphate, can be rebuilt by adding E to add the P back to ADP
What is Active Transport? Provide an example.
Pumping a molecule/ion against the concentration gradient (low to high), Na/K pump used in the nervous system and other cells
Reduction of NAD and Reduction of FAD:
NAD + e- -> NADH
FAD + e- -> FADH2
Phosphorylation of ADP to make ATP:
ADP + P -> ATP
Oxidation of NADH and Oxidation of FADH2:
NADH -> NAD + e-
FADH2 -> FAD + e-
How much ATP does NADH make? FADH2?
3 ATP, 2 ATP
What is Aerobic Respiration? Which stages use this?
Uses oxygen, glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Kreb’s cycle, ETC and chemiosmosis
What is Anaerobic Respiration? Which stages use this?
Does not require oxygen, glycolysis, fermentation
What are structures of mitochondrion?
cell membrane, cytoplasm (glycolysis), outer membrane, inner membrane (ETC and chemiosmosis), intermembrane (build up of H), matrix (pyruvate oxidation, Krebs’s cycle)
What is Glycolysis?
breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules, cytoplasm, 2 ATP used, 4 ATP and 2 NADH produced, does not require oxygen
What is Pyruvate Oxidation?
connects glycolysis in the cytoplasm with the Kreb’s cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, matrix, pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA (CoA added), one glucose produces two pyruvate, 2 NADH produced, 2 CO2 produced, requires oxygen
What is the Kreb’s Cycle?
cyclic series of reactions that transfers energy from organic molecules (and acetyl-CoA) to ATP, NADH and FADH2, and removes carbon atoms as CO2, matrix, 1 cycle creates 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 ATP, 1 glucose results in 2 cycles, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 CO2, requires oxygen
What is the Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis?
inner membrane, 3 proton pumps pump H to intermembrane space, NADH and FADH2 give energized electrons to ETC, H pumped from matrix to intermembrane space, e join O2 to make H20, chemiosmosis occurs (ATP synthase uses H gradient to produce ATP)
What is Chemiosmosis (ATP Synthase)?
ATP synthase uses H to create ATP, ADP + P -> ATP, H moves from intermembrane space to matrix
Why is oxygen required? What product forms when it is reduced?
Final electron acceptor in ETC, reduces to H2O
What are similarities of Lactic Acid and Ethanol (Alcohol Fermentation)?
both start with glycolysis in cytoplasm, produce ATP, anaerobic, 2 NADH’s produced by glycolysis used in fermentation, no Kreb’s cycle or mitochondria
What is Lactic Acid Fermentation?
pyruvate converted into lactic acid temporarily, then converted back when O2 is available, used by animals, ex) panting increases O2 needed to break down lactic acid in liver, reversible
What is Alcohol Fermentation?
pyruvate converted to ethanol + CO2, plants and yeast
