Human Movement Science Flashcards
Human movement system (HMS)
The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous system.
Kinetic chain
A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.
Regional interdependence model
The concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body.
Biomechanics
The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.
Kinesiology
Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology.
Anatomic position
The position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms forward. It is the position of reference for a atomic nomenclature.
What concept describes how the function of one segment of the body can impact other areas?
The regional interdependence model
Osteokinematics
The movement of a limb that is visible
Athrokinematics
The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide and spin.
Movement patterns that take the body through motions in more than one plane are termed?
Multiplanar
Sagittal plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.
Flexion
A bending movement in which the relative Angie between two adjacent segments decreases.
Extension
A straightening movement in which the relative Angie between two adjacent segments increases.
Hyperextension
Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion
Dorsiflexion
Flexion occurring at the ankle
Plantar Flexion
Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards
Examples of sagittal plane exercises include:
Biceps curl, triceps push down, squats, front lunges, calf raises, walking, running, vertical jump, climbing stairs and shooting a basketball.
Frontal plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves. Movement in the frontal plane included abduction, addiction, and side-to-side motions
Abduction
A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.
Lateral Flexion
Bending of the spine from side to side
Eversion
A movement in which the Inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of food faced outward.
Inversion
A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moved medically. Bottom of foot faces inward.
What are some examples of predominantly frontal plane exercises?
Jumping jacks, side lunges, lateral shoulder raises and side shuffling.
Traverse plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.
Internal rotation
Rotation is a body segment toward the middle of the body
External rotation
rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body
Horizontal abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.
Horizontal adduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.
Radioulnar pronation
Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm up position to a palm down position.
Radioulnar supination
Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm up position.
Examples of predominantly transverse plane exercises:
Cable trunk rotation, dumbbell chest fly, and swinging a bag or golf club.
Pronation of the foot
Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction; associated with force reduction.
Supination of the foot
Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of inversion, plantar Flexion, and ankle adduction; associated with force production.
Gait
Biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking, running, and sprinting.
Scapular retraction
Adduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline
Scapular protraction
Abduction of scapulae; shoulder blades moved away from the midline
Scapular depression
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapulae
Scapular elevation
Upward (superior) motion of the scapulae.
Pronation of foot is a multiplanar combination of
Eversion in the frontal plane
Dorsiflexion In the Sagital plane
Forefoot abduction in the transverse plane
Supination of the foot is a combination of:
Inversion
Plantar Flexion
Forefoot adduction
Elasticity
The ability of soft tissues to return to resting length after being stretched.
Ligament
A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone
Flexibility
The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint.
Hypermobility
A state where a lack of neuromuscular support leads to a joint having more range of motion that it should, greatly increasing the risk of injury at that joint.
Hypomobility
When range of motion at a joint is limited
Eccentric muscle action
A muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening
Motor unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates
What are the three overarching types of muscle actions?
Isotonic
Isometric
Isokinetic
Isotonic
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. Isotonic muscle actions are subdivided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions.
Isometric
Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint
Isokinetic
The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted.
It requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories.
When does an eccentric muscle action occur?
When a muscle develops tension while lengthening
Concentric muscle action
A muscle action that occurs when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle.
Isometric muscle action
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed in it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.
Core
The structures that make up the limbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC), including the lumbar spine, pelvic girdle, abdomen, and hip joint.
A concentric muscle action occurs when
The contractile force (force developed within the muscle) is greater than the resistive force, resulting in a visible shortening of the muscle.
An isometric muscle action occurs when
The contractile force is equal to the resistive force, leading to no visible change in the muscle length.
Exercises comprised of only eccentric muscle actions will, when appropriately loaded, stimulate what?
Anabolic hormones to a greater degree than exercises comprised of only concentric muscle actions.
Muscle action spectrum
The full range of eccentric, isometric and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement.
During Isokinetic muscle actions
Muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full ROM. An Isokinetic muscle action requires the use of expensive and sophisticated equipment that measures the amount of force generated by the muscles and adjusts the resistance (load) so that no matter how much muscular tension is produced, movement speed remains constant.
Agonists
The primary muscles providing force for a movement