Human Movement Science Flashcards
Human movement system (HMS)
The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous system.
Kinetic chain
A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.
Regional interdependence model
The concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body.
Biomechanics
The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.
Kinesiology
Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology.
Anatomic position
The position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms forward. It is the position of reference for a atomic nomenclature.
What concept describes how the function of one segment of the body can impact other areas?
The regional interdependence model
Osteokinematics
The movement of a limb that is visible
Athrokinematics
The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide and spin.
Movement patterns that take the body through motions in more than one plane are termed?
Multiplanar
Sagittal plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.
Flexion
A bending movement in which the relative Angie between two adjacent segments decreases.
Extension
A straightening movement in which the relative Angie between two adjacent segments increases.
Hyperextension
Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion
Dorsiflexion
Flexion occurring at the ankle
Plantar Flexion
Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards
Examples of sagittal plane exercises include:
Biceps curl, triceps push down, squats, front lunges, calf raises, walking, running, vertical jump, climbing stairs and shooting a basketball.
Frontal plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves. Movement in the frontal plane included abduction, addiction, and side-to-side motions
Abduction
A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.
Lateral Flexion
Bending of the spine from side to side
Eversion
A movement in which the Inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of food faced outward.
Inversion
A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moved medically. Bottom of foot faces inward.
What are some examples of predominantly frontal plane exercises?
Jumping jacks, side lunges, lateral shoulder raises and side shuffling.
Traverse plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.
Internal rotation
Rotation is a body segment toward the middle of the body
External rotation
rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body
Horizontal abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.
Horizontal adduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.
Radioulnar pronation
Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm up position to a palm down position.
Radioulnar supination
Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm up position.
Examples of predominantly transverse plane exercises:
Cable trunk rotation, dumbbell chest fly, and swinging a bag or golf club.
Pronation of the foot
Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction; associated with force reduction.
Supination of the foot
Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of inversion, plantar Flexion, and ankle adduction; associated with force production.
Gait
Biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking, running, and sprinting.
Scapular retraction
Adduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline
Scapular protraction
Abduction of scapulae; shoulder blades moved away from the midline
Scapular depression
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapulae
Scapular elevation
Upward (superior) motion of the scapulae.
Pronation of foot is a multiplanar combination of
Eversion in the frontal plane
Dorsiflexion In the Sagital plane
Forefoot abduction in the transverse plane
Supination of the foot is a combination of:
Inversion
Plantar Flexion
Forefoot adduction
Elasticity
The ability of soft tissues to return to resting length after being stretched.
Ligament
A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone
Flexibility
The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint.
Hypermobility
A state where a lack of neuromuscular support leads to a joint having more range of motion that it should, greatly increasing the risk of injury at that joint.
Hypomobility
When range of motion at a joint is limited
Eccentric muscle action
A muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening
Motor unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates
What are the three overarching types of muscle actions?
Isotonic
Isometric
Isokinetic
Isotonic
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. Isotonic muscle actions are subdivided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions.
Isometric
Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint
Isokinetic
The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted.
It requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories.
When does an eccentric muscle action occur?
When a muscle develops tension while lengthening
Concentric muscle action
A muscle action that occurs when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle.
Isometric muscle action
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed in it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.
Core
The structures that make up the limbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC), including the lumbar spine, pelvic girdle, abdomen, and hip joint.
A concentric muscle action occurs when
The contractile force (force developed within the muscle) is greater than the resistive force, resulting in a visible shortening of the muscle.
An isometric muscle action occurs when
The contractile force is equal to the resistive force, leading to no visible change in the muscle length.
Exercises comprised of only eccentric muscle actions will, when appropriately loaded, stimulate what?
Anabolic hormones to a greater degree than exercises comprised of only concentric muscle actions.
Muscle action spectrum
The full range of eccentric, isometric and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement.
During Isokinetic muscle actions
Muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full ROM. An Isokinetic muscle action requires the use of expensive and sophisticated equipment that measures the amount of force generated by the muscles and adjusts the resistance (load) so that no matter how much muscular tension is produced, movement speed remains constant.
Agonists
The primary muscles providing force for a movement
Synergists
Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement.
Stabilizers
Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves.
Feed-forward activation
When a muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement.
Closed chain movements
Distal segments as a person’s hands or feet, are fixed and remain in contact with a stationary surface. Often require the movement of multiple joints in a predictable manner with the contraction of multiple muscle groups. Examples: push ups, squats, pull ups or lunges.
Open chain movements
Distal segments (hands & feet) are not fixed, and they are free to move in space. Additionally, open chain exercises have independent joint movement of only the segments distal to the moving joint itself. While not required, a majority of open chain activities are nonweight- bearing. Examples: pull down, biceps curl, leg curl, leg extension exercises.
Open chain exercises tend to focus on isolating the prime mover muscles.
Force
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
Length-tension relationship
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
Resting length
The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched.
Actin
The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction
Myosin
The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction
Sarcomere
The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two z-lines.
Muscle balance
When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length-tension relationships, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position.
Altered length-tension relationship
When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.
Reciprocal inhibition
When an agonist receives a signal to contract, it’s functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.
Altered reciprocal inhibition
Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.
Neutral position
The optimal resting position of a joint that allows it to function efficiently through its entire normal range of motion.
Stretch-shortening cycle
Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction.
Series elastic component
Springlike noncontractile component of muscle and tendon that stores elastic energy
Amortization phase
The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle.
Stretch reflex
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.
Integrated performance paradigm
To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically).
Force-velocity curve
The force-velocity curve describes the inverse relationship between force and velocity and refers to a muscle’s ability to produce tensest differing contraction velocities.
As the velocity of a contraction muscle action increases, it’s ability to produce force decreases, while the acidity to produce force increases as the velocity of a concentric contraction decreases.
Tendon
A fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
Force-couple relationship
The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint.
Joint support systems
Muscular stabilization systems located in joints distal of the spine.
Global muscular system
Comprised of larger muscles that initiate movements and tend to function across one or more joints.
Generally larger muscles and act as prime movers
Examples of global muscles include: rectus abdominus, erector spinae, and latissimus Dorsi.
Deep longitudinal subsystems (LDS)
Includes muscle of the lower leg, hamstrings and lower back region
Absorb/control ground reaction forces during gait (walking/running).
Posterior oblique subsystem (POS)
Made up of the latissimus dorsi, contralateral gluteus Maximus and thoracolumbar fascia (connective tissue of the low-back)
Anterior oblique subsystem
Muscles include: obliques, adductor (inner) thigh muscles and the hip external rotators.
Lateral subsystem (LS)
Made up of the lateral hip (gluteus medius) and medial thigh muscles (adductors) and the contralateral quadratics lumborum, all of which provide movement in the frontal plane.
LS provides stability of the lower extremities to prevent abnormal or unwanted frontal plane movement during activities.
Local muscles
Stabilize the spine and peripheral joints. *transverse abdominis
*rotator cuff
Subsystems include:
Deep longitudinal
Posterior oblique
Anterior oblique
Lateral
The amount of force that the HMS can produce relies on?
Motor unit recruitment
Muscle size
Lever system of a joint
A lever consists of?
A rigid bar that pivots around a stationary pivot point (fulcrum).
In the human body, the fulcrum is the_______ ,
Bones are the___________ ,
Muscles create the _________ .
In the human body, the fulcrum is the joint axis, bones are the levers, muscles create the motion (effort).
First class levers
Have the fulcrum in the middle, like a seesaw. Exp: nodding the head
Second class levers
Have a resistance in the middle with the fulcrum and effort on either side, similar to a load in a wheelbarrow where the exile and wheel are the fulcrum points. Exp: full body push-up or calf raise.
Rotary motion
Movement of the bones around the joints
Torque
A force that produces rotation; common unit of measurement is the newton meter (Nm)
Third class levers
Have the effort placed between the resistance and the fulcrum. The effort always travels a shorter distance and must be greater than the resistance. *most limbs of human body operate as third class levers. Exp: human forearm,exp: standing hamstring curl
Moving the weight closer to the joint reduces the amount of __________ required?
Torque
Motor behavior
Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.
Motor control
How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory info with previous experiences to produce a motor response.
Motor learning
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior.
Motor development
Change in skilled motor behavior over time through the life span.
Muscle synergies
Group of muscles that are recruited simultaneously by the central nervous system to provide movement.
Mechanoreceptors
Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.
Proprioception
The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.
Sensorimotor integration
Cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.
Feedback
Use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning.
Internal feedback
Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.
External feedback
Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.
Neuromuscular efficiency
The ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force and dynamically stabilize the body’s structure in all three planes of motion.
Knowledge of performance
Provides information about the quality of the movement during an exercise. Exp: noticing something wrong with a movement performed by client and then asking client whether they felt or looked different during those reps.
Motor learning
How repeated practice and experience of motor control processes leads to a relatively permanent change in skilled motor behavior
Motor development
How skilled motor behavior changes over time throughout the life span
Motor behavior
How the human movement system responds to internal and external stimuli
Motor control
How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.
Muscles are recruited by the nervous system in groups. What are these groups called?
Muscle synergies
Isokinetic
Muscle action occurs at a constant speed, requiring expensive and sophisticated equipment.
Force couples
2 or more muscles on opposing sides of a joint work together to provide joint stability or create movement.
Torque
Measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis.
Sensorimotor integration
The ability to incorporate sensory inputs that provide information about one’s body and the external environment to inform and shape motor output
Muscle synergy
Activation of a group of muscles to contribute to a particular movement.
Movement is described in three dimensions that are based on planes which include:
Sagittal, frontal and transverse planes
Osteokinematics describes the observational movement of ?
A limb
Arthrokinematics describes the movement taking place at?
The joint
Movement is described using?
Biomechanical terminology that is universal to all professions in the allied health industry.
What are 5 important components in biomechanics?
Motion, force, momentum, levers and balance
Movement in the Sagittal plane include:
Flexion and extension and plantar Flexion and dorsiflexion of the foot and ankle.
Movements in the frontal plane include:
Abduction and adduction of the limbs (relative to the trunk), lateral Flexion of the spine, and Eversion and inversion of the foot and ankle complex.
Transverse plane movements include:
Internal rotation and external rotation of the limbs, right and left rotation of the head and trunk, horizontal abduction and horizontal adduction of the limbs and Radioulnar pronation and supination.
Motions of the scapulae include:
Scapular retraction, scapular protraction, scapular depression and scapular elevation
Muscle actions are described as:
Isotonic - taking place with normal contraction. Occurs when the force or tension in the muscle remains constant while the length of the muscle changes.
Isometric - the muscle fires (or activates with a force and tension) but there is no movement at a joint.
Isokinetic - occurs when the velocity of the muscle contraction remains constant while the length of the muscle changes.
Force couple is used to describe?
Muscles that work in a synergistic function around a joint.
Osteokinematics
Movement of a limb that is visible
Arthrokinematics
The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide and spin
Eversion
A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of the foot faces outward
Inversion
A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves medially. Bottom of foot faces inward.
Gait
Biochemical motion of the lower extremities during walking, running and sprinting
Pronation of the foot is a multiplanar movement consisting of the combination of:
- Eversion in the frontal plane
- Dorsiflexion in the Sagittal plane
- Forefoot abduction in the transverse plane
Supination of the foot is the combination of:
- Inversion of the frontal plane
- plantar Flexion of the Sagittal plane
- forefoot adduction in the transverse plane
When a person is walking or running the foot and ankle complex moves between:
Pronation during force reduction
And supination during force production (when the foot pushes off the ground with every step).
Isotonic
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. Isotonic muscle actions are subdivided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions.
Isometric
Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint.
Isokinetic
The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted.
It requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories.
Closed-chain movements
The distal segments,such as a persons hands or feet, are fixed and remain in contact with a stationary surface.
Often require the movement of multiple joints in a predictable manner with the contraction of multiple muscle groups
Examples of closed chain movements: push-ups, squats, pull ups of lunges
Open-chain movements
Distal segments (hands and feet) are not fixed, and they are free to move in space.
Open-chain exercises have independent joint movement of only the segments distal to the moving joint itself.
Majority of open-chain activities are nonweight-bearing.
Examples: lat pull down, biceps curl,bench press, leg curl, leg extension.
Tend to focus on isolating the prime mover muscle.
Local muscular system
Generally attach on or near the vertebrae and serve the primary purpose of Stabilizing the trunk of the body.
Composed of the inner unit of the core and includes the rotatores, multifidus, transverse andominis, diaphragm, pelvic floor, and quadratics lumborum.
Global muscular system
Comprised of larger muscles that initiate movements and tend to function across one or more joints.
These muscles are generally larger and act as prime movers during many functional tasks, such as pushing, pulling, squaring and walking.
Examples: rectus abdominis, erector spinae, and latissimus dorsi.
To better illustrate how muscles of the movement system work together in synchrony, the global muscles can be categorized into subsystems, which include the deep longitudinal, posterior oblique and anterior oblique, and lateral subsystems.
These subsystems highlight the functional elements of regional interdependence, as well as the necessary extensions of force couple relationships. Without these subsystems normal movement would be impaired. Each subsystem is mirrored on the left and right sides of the body.
The farther away the weight is from the point of rotation….
The more torque it creates
One of the most important concepts in motor control is that muscles are recruited by the nervous system in groups. What are these groups called?
Muscle synergies
Closed-chain exercises are more likely to recruit?
Multiple muscle groups and joints
Open chain movements are more likely to?
Isolate a particular joint of muscle
