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NASM CPT > Chap 5: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chap 5: Skeletal System Flashcards

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NASM ® CPT flashcards
1
Q

Axial skeleton

A

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.

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2
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs and pelvic girdle.

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3
Q

Levers

A

Rigid rods where muscles attach

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4
Q

Remodeling

A

The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure.

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5
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.

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6
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue

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7
Q

Wolff’s law

A

Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone.

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8
Q

How many bones in the human skeletal system?

A

206, approximately 177 are used in voluntary movement.

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9
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeletal system?

A

80 bones

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10
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton system?

A

Approximately 126 bones

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11
Q

What’s an example of a long bone?

A
  • Hemerus

* femur

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12
Q

What’s an example of a short bone?

A
  • carpals of the wrist

* tarsals of the ankle

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13
Q

Joints

A

The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction.

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14
Q

What’s an example of a short bone?

A

Similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape
•carpals of the wrist
•tarsals of the ankle

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15
Q

What’s an example of a flat bone?

A

Thin, protective surfaces that provide broad surfaces for muscles to attach
•scapulae (I.e., the shoulder blades)
•sternum (I.e., the breast plate)
•ribs

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16
Q

What’s an example of an irregular bone?

A

Unique shape and function from all other bone types

•vertabrae (I.e., the spinal column)

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17
Q

What’s an example of a sesamoid bone?

A

Small, often round bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint.
•patella (I.e., the kneecap)

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18
Q

Articulate (hyaline) cartilage:

A

Cartilage that covers the articulate surfaces of bones

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19
Q

Epiphysis (epiphyses):

A

The end of long bones that contains red marrow that produces red blood cells and is also one of the primary sites for bone growth.

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20
Q

Diaphysis:

A

The shaft portion of a long bone

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21
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis

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22
Q

Medullary cavity:

A

The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored

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23
Q

Periosteum:

A

A dense fibrous membrane that covers the bone, provides an attachment site for tendons, and contains nerves, blood vessels, and bone-producing cells.

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24
Q

Depressions

A

Flattened or indented portions of bone

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25
Q

Processes

A

Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach.

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26
Q

Vertebral column

A

Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions.

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27
Q

Spinal cord

A

Bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae.

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28
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement

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29
Q

Neutral spine

A

Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement.

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30
Q

What are the 3 major curvatures of the adult human spine?

A
  1. Posterior (concave) cervical curve (hollowed or rounded inward).
  2. Posterior (convex) thoracic curve (curved or rounded outward).
  3. Posterior (concave) lumbar curve (hollowed or rounded inward).
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31
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Movement of a limb that is visible

32
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

The description of the joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide and spin.

33
Q

Synovial joints

A

A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule. Synovial joints are the most common joints associated with human movement. They comprise approximately 80% of all the joints in the body and have the greatest capacity for motion.

34
Q

Nonaxial

A

A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side

35
Q

Nonsynovial joints

A

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.

36
Q

Ligament

A

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone

37
Q

Collagen

A

A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure it is the most abundant protein in the human body.

38
Q

Elastin

A

A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures.

39
Q

Growth plate

A

A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.

40
Q

What are the most common joints in the human body?

A

Synovial joints

41
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.

42
Q

Fascia

A

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones

43
Q

Epimysium

A

Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the “deep fascia”.

44
Q

Fascicles

A

Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle. Fascicles are surrounded by perimysium

45
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle.

46
Q

Endomysium

A

Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle.

47
Q

Glycogen

A

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.

48
Q

Myoglobin

A

Protein-based molecule that Carries oxygen molecules into the muscles.

49
Q

Myofibrils

A

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril.

50
Q

Myofilaments

A

The filaments of a myofibril;include actin and myosin.

51
Q

Actin

A

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.

52
Q

Myosin

A

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.

53
Q

Sarcomere

A

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.

54
Q

Z-line

A

The meeting point of each sarcomere

55
Q

Neural activation

A

The nervous system’s signal that tells a muscle to contract

56
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

The specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers

57
Q

Synapse

A

A junction or small gap between the motor neuron and muscle cells

58
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates

59
Q

What are two protein structures that are important to muscle contraction?

A

Tropomyosin and troponin

60
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Located on the actin filament and blocks myosin-binding sites located on the actin filament, keeping myosin from attaching to actin when the muscle is in a relaxed state.

61
Q

Troponin

A

Located on the actin filament, plays a role in muscle contraction by providing binding sites for both calcium and tropomyosin when a muscle needs to contract.

62
Q

Action potential

A

Nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system, through the peripheral nervous system, and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction.

63
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission.

64
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

A neuron transmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction.

65
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the Sarcomere.

66
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling

A

The physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction.

67
Q

Power stroke

A

The myosin heads bind to actin and pull them toward the Sarcomere center, which slides the filaments past each other, shortening the muscle.

68
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body.

69
Q

Resting length

A

The length of a muscle when it is not activity contracting or being stretched.

70
Q

Type l muscle fibers

A

Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue.

71
Q

Type ll muscle fibers

A

Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue.

72
Q

All or nothing principle

A

Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all.

73
Q

Capillaries

A

The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and tissues.

74
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

75
Q

Muscle fibers contain:

A

Glycogen, fats, minerals and myoglobin

NASM CPT (19 decks)

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