Basic And Applied Sciences And Nutritional Concepts

Question 1

Human movement system (HMS)

Answer 1

The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal and nervous systems

Question 2

Kinetic chain

Answer 2

A contact that describes the human body as a chain of inter-dependent links that work together to perform movement

Question 3

Nervous system

Answer 3

A network of specialize cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body.

Question 4

Neuron

Answer 4

Specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system.

Question 5

Nucleus

Answer 5

Cellular structure or organelle that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes

Question 6

Organelles

Answer 6

Tiny cellular structures perform specific functions within a cell. Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmjc reticulum.

Question 7

Neurons are composed of three main parts, what are they?

Answer 7

1. the cell body, which contains the nucleus and organelles
2. the axon, which is a cylindrical projection extending from the cell body that carries nerve messages
3. Dendrites, which are structures that receive messages from other neurons.

Question 8

What does the cell body contain?

Answer 8

Nucleus and organelles

Question 9

What is a axon?

Answer 9

Cylindrical projection extending from the cell body that carries nerve messages

Question 10

Dendrites

Answer 10

Structures that receive messages from other neurons

Question 11

Nucleus

Answer 11

Cellular structure or organelle that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes

Question 12

Organelles

Answer 12

Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 13

Mitochondria

Answer 13

The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell.

Question 14

Effector sites

Answer 14

A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response.

Question 15

Electrolytes

Answer 15

Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium.

Question 16

Central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 16

A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

Question 17

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 17

Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system.

Question 18

Afferent pathway

Answer 18

Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system.

Question 19

Efferent pathway

Answer 19

A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

Question 20

Interneurons

Answer 20

Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons.

Question 21

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 21

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.

Question 22

Nociceptors respond to?

Answer 22

Pain (pain receptors)

Question 23

Chemoreceptors respond to?

Answer 23

Chemical interaction (smell and taste)

Question 24

Photoreceptors respond to?

Answer 24

Light (vision)

Question 25

Somatic nervous system

Answer 25

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.

Question 26

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 26

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g.,circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).

Question 27

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 27

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.

Question 28

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 28

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.

Question 29

Sensory function

Answer 29

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

Question 30

Proprioceprion

Answer 30

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.

Question 31

Integrative function

Answer 31

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response.

Question 32

Motor function

Answer 32

The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information.

Question 33

Muscle spindles

Answer 33

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Question 34

Stretch reflex

Answer 34

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.

Question 35

Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

Answer 35

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.

Question 36

Joint receptors

Answer 36

Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

Question 37

Neuroplasticity

Answer 37

The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire lifespan.

Question 38

Neurocircuitry

Answer 38

The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord

Question 39

Motor skills

Answer 39

Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems.

Question 40

What are the three stages of motor skill development?

Answer 40

• During stage 1 (cognitive): client is just learning the skill. They understand the goals of the skill and develop movement strategies and can perform the skill but with inconsistent performance.
• During Stage 2 (associative): The client begins to understand the skill. Through practice, they refine the skill and movement strategy and can perform the skill with less error.
• Stage 3 (autonomous): The client has mastered the skill. They perform the skill consistently with no error and independently modify the skill without error.