Human Geo Chapter 9.1 - 9.2 Vocab

Question 1

Dietary Energy Consumption

Answer 1

The amount of food an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories (US calories). One gram/ounce of food delivers a kcal level. Minimum recommended consumption is 1,844 kcal per day, but average consumption is actually 2,902 per day. People are getting enough food, even in developing regions, but sub-Saharan Africa is pretty low due to struggles to keep food production ahead of population growth.

Question 2

Food Security

Answer 2

Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe & nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. 10% of the world doesn’t have food security

Question 3

Undernourishment

Answer 3

Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life & carrying out light physical activity. Prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa (1/4 of pop) & South Asia (1/5 of pop). Many in India and China. We have made progress in reducing this in the 21st century (led by China).

Question 4

Cereal Grain

Answer 4

A grass that yields grain for food. Wheat, maize, and rice are the 3 main cereal grains, and make up 40% of all dietary energy consumed.

Question 5

Grain

Answer 5

The seed of a cereal grass.

Question 6

Agriculture

Answer 6

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. Cultivate = “to care for.”

Question 7

Crop

Answer 7

Any plant gathered from field as harvest during a particular season.

Question 8

Agricultural Revolution

Answer 8

Process starting when humans first domesticated plants/animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering. It occurred around the year 8000 BCE with population growth. Scientists disagree on factors contributing to its origination.

Question 9

Columbian Exchange

Answer 9

The transfer of plants/animals, as well as people, culture, & tech, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonization & trade. Ex: in 1500, wheat, oats, & barley diffused to the Western Hemisphere and maize to Eastern.

Question 10

Subsistence Agriculture

Answer 10

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer’s family.

Question 11

Commercial Agriculture

Answer 11

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm (use of machinery, farm size, labor force).

Question 12

Cash Crop

Answer 12

Crop grown for sale, rather than for the farmer’s own use.