Human Geo Chapter 10 Vocab Flashcards
Development
A process of improvement in the conditions of people thru diffusion of knowledge and technology. Enlarging people’s ability to lead a long and healthy life, to acquire knowledge, and have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living. With these 3, people have better opportunities to be creative/productive & enjoy guaranteed human rights.
Developed Country (MDC)
A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.
Developing Country (LDC)
A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of development. The UN divides them into high, medium, & low developing.
Human Development Index (HDI)
An indicator constructed by the UN to measure the level of development for a country through a combination of income, education, and life expectancy. The highest possible HDI is 1.0 (or 100%). The UN has computed HDIs for countries since 1980, with occasional modifications on the method of computation.
Gross National Income (GNI)
The value of the output of goods & services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country. This (and PPP) are how the UN measures the standard of living in countries. By dividing GNI by total population, you can measure the contribution made by an average person towards generating a country’s wealth in a year. In 2018, GNI per capita was $44,000 in developed countries and $12,000 in developing countries.
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country. It is an adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of doos. If resident A has the same income as resident B but must pay more for a Big Mac or Starbucks latte, resident B is better off.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, not accounting for money that leaves and enters the country.
Primary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth, generally through agriculture. The share of GNI accounted for by primary has decreased in developing countries, but remains higher than in developed countries (showing that a few farmers produce enough food for the rest of society).
Secondary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials (and fabricating goods into consumer goods). The share of GNI accounted for by secondary has decreased in developed countries and is now less than in developing countries.
Tertiary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for pay (like retailing, banking, law, education, and government). The share of GNI accounted for by tertiary is high in developed countries, and is now growing in developing countries.
Productivity
The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it. The World Bank measures productivity by dividing the total GDP by the amount of people employed. In North America and Europe, GDP per employee exceeds $100,000, but only $10,000 in sub-Saharan Africa.
Pupil/Teacher Ratio
The number of enrolled students divided by the # of teachers. The fewer pupils a teacher has, the more effective instruction.
Literacy Rate
The percentage of a country’s people who can read and write.
Inequality-Adjusted HDI (IHDI)
A modification of the HDI to account for inequality. Under perfect equality, HDI and IHDI are the same. If IHDI is lower, the country has some inequality; the greater the difference in the 2 measures, the greater the inequality. A country where only a few have high incomes, degrees, and health care would have a lower HDI where all 3 of those are minimal. Lowest scores: sub-Saharan Africa & South Asia.
World Systems Theory
Theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that in an increasingly unified world economy, developed countries form an inner core area whereas developing countries are found on the periphery and semi-periphery. Africa, Asia, & Latin America contain 3/4 of the world’s population and nearly all of population growth.