Human factor

Question 1

what are human factors

Answer 1

deals with the psychological, social, physical, biological and safety characteristics of a user and the system the user is in.

Question 2

what does human factor include

Answer 2

perception
memory
fatigue
ergonomics
error
learning and motivation
human information processing
personality - interpersonal relations
communications
Human - computer interaction
anthropometrics

Question 3

What are the 2 models used as framework for investigations

Answer 3

SHELL model

James Reason’s SWISS CHEESE model

should be used together

Question 4

Explain the SHELL model

Answer 4

Software: computer, procedures, manuals, checklist
Hardware: location, movement, coding controls, seat design, displays, helmets
Environment: physical, social eg organisational culture, morale, Physiological eg sleep deprivation, illusions
Liveware: tolerance of temp, sleep stress, movement, communication, physical size. the individual
Liveware: how they work together. crew cooperation, personality, leadership, teamwork

Question 5

Explain the swiss cheese model

Answer 5

Organisational influence : latent failures
Unsafe supervision: latent failure
Preconditions for unsafe acts: latent failures
Unsafe act: active errors

Question 6

types of unsafe acts

Answer 6

Errors

• decision errors
• skill-based errors
• perceptual errors
• knowledge/information

violations

• routine
• exceptional

Question 7

Explain types of preconditions for unsafe acts

level 2 of SWISS cheese

Answer 7

Substandard conditions

• adverse mental states
• adverse physiological states
• physical mental limitations
• equipment
• workspace
• environment

Substandard practices

• Crew resource Mismx
• Qualification/authorisation
• training

Question 8

Types of unsafe supervision level 3

Answer 8

Inadequate supervision
planned inappropriate operations
Failed to correct problem
Supervisory violations

Question 9

Types of organisation factors Level 4

Answer 9

Resource management
organisation climate
organisational process

Question 10

Define errors and violations

Answer 10

Errors

• unintended
• from information problems

Violations

• deliberate
• shaped mainly by attitudes, beliefs, group norms, situations and safety culture

Question 11

Define active errors vs latent failures/conditions

Answer 11

Active errors

• common
• may or may not cause accident/incident
• front line operators

Latent failures
eg problems with design 
- delayed effect 
- can cause accident/incident without active errors
- supervisors, managers

Question 12

What type of errors are the hardest to predict

Answer 12

sporadic

Question 13

define error of omission

Answer 13

failing to do something which should be done eg failure to perform a step in a procedure

Question 14

define error of commision

Answer 14

doing something which should not be done.

Question 15

define error of substitution

Answer 15

Performing an action when it is required, but the wrong action

Question 16

Error management at every level

Answer 16

front line operators- individual and team
system level: design, procedures, training
Organisation level: incidental analysis, audits

Question 17

The ICAO referenced model for accident investigation  is 
A MOBIL
B SHELL
C CALTEX
D EXON

Answer 17

SHELL

Question 18

Latent conditions
A can cause accidents or incidents without active errors
B are quite common
C are shaped mainly by attitudes, belief, group norms, situations and safety cultures

Answer 18

A

Can cause accident or incidents without active errors