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Histopathology > Human Development- Exam 1 > Flashcards

Human Development- Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main stages of human development and when do they occur?

A

Proliferation period: 0-3 weeks
Embryonic period: 3-8 weeks
Fetal development period: 9 weeks- term

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2
Q

Fertilization of the ovum yields:

A

zygote

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3
Q

The zygote has a full compliment of genetic material rendering it:

A

diploid

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4
Q

The zygote undergoes mitotic division forming the:

A

blastomere

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5
Q

Greater than 32 blastomeres =

A

morula

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6
Q

At what cell stage does the morula develop an internal blastocystic cavity?

A

64 cell stage

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7
Q

When the morula develops an internal blastocystic cavity, it is now referred to as:

A

blastocyst

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8
Q

any mass that is lined with any type of cell (typically an epithelium), hollow inside, and sometimes fluid filled:

A

cyst

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9
Q

The blastocyst travels down the uterus and:

A

implants itself into the uterine wall

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10
Q

Once the blastocyst into the uterine wall, it will create arms that anchor it in place called:

A

syncytiotrophoblast

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11
Q

The blastocyst develops an inner cell mass at 6-7 days and is referred to as:

A

an embryoblast

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12
Q

Implantation of the embryoblast into the uterine wall begins at day _____ and is complete at day ____.

A

day 4; day 10

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13
Q

After the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall it becomes:

A

enveloped into the uterine wall

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14
Q

The inner cell mass of the embryoblast transitions into the:

A

bilaminar embryonic disc

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15
Q

At the stage in which the embryoblast envelopes into the uterine wall and becomes the bilaminar disc, it is now able to receive:

A

blood supply, nutrients, and protection

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16
Q

The outer cell mass of the bilaminar embryonic disc becomes the ___ & ____ layers.

A

cytotrophoblast & syntrophoblast

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17
Q

cytotrophoblast & syntrophoblast layers are precursors to the:

A

Placenta

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18
Q

What two layers make up the bilaminar embryonic disc?

A

Epiblast layer & Hypoblast layer

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19
Q

The epiblast layer of the bilaminar disc is comprised of:

A

ectoderm and mesoderm

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20
Q

The hypoblast layer of the bilaminar disc is comprised of:

A

endoderm

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21
Q

The development of a large cavity that forms at the top just under the hypoblast is called the:

A

yolk sac

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22
Q

The development of a secondary cavity above the epiblast forms the:

A

amniotic cavity

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23
Q

List the structures associated with the bilaminar embryonic disc: (6)

A
  1. epiblast layer
  2. hypoblast layer
  3. amniotic cavity
  4. blastocyst cavity
  5. syntrophoblasts
  6. cytotrophoblasts
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24
Q

Enlargment of the amniotic cavity and migration of cells out of the hypoblast form:

A

Heuser’s membrane

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25
Q

The heuser’s membrane will form the internal lining of the blastocyst cavity- now called the:

A

yolk sac

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26
Q

The internal lining of the yolk sac cavity:

A

Heuser’s membrane

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27
Q

The cell layer surrounding the entire blastocyst (completely enveloped in the uterine wall)

A

chorionic layer

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28
Q

During the 3rd week of development, the bilaminar embryonic disc is characterized by formation of the:

A

primitive streak, notochord, and neural tube

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29
Q

The cleft that starts to form on the surface of the bilamininar disc during week 3 of development

A

primitive streak

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30
Q

During the 3rd week of development, the bilaminar embryonic disc is characterized by formation of the primitive streak, notochord, and neural tube. The 3 distinct germ layers at this point at this point in development are:

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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31
Q

The distinct embryonic germ layer that was formerly the epiblast layer:

A

ectoderm

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32
Q

The distinct embryonic germ layer that was formerly the hypoblast layer

A

endoderm

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33
Q

Cells from the epiblast layer invaginate in to form the ____ during the 3rd week of development

A

mesoderm

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34
Q

The primitive streak is characterized by the formation of:

A

pit, node, and groove

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35
Q

_____ cells invaginate within the ____ and migrate towards the cephalad until they reach the ____.

A

pre-notochordal
primitive node
prechordal plate

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36
Q

Pre-notochordal cells invaginate within the primitive ode and migrate toward the cephalad until the reach prechordal plate. They detach themselves from the ectodermal layer to line within the mesoderm forming the _____.

A

notochord

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37
Q

Functions as a primitive skeletal support of the embryo around which the axial skeleton later forms

A

notochord

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38
Q

The notochord induces the formation of ___.

A

somites

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39
Q

Precurser of the vertebral column, ribs, and associated back muscles and overlying dermis:

A

somites

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40
Q

The notochord forms in what position?

A

midline

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41
Q

The notochord is formed from _____ cells

A

ectodermal

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42
Q

The notochord is formed from ectodermal cells derived from the ____.

A

primitive node

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43
Q

The notochord functions as a primitive axial skeleton for the embryo, establishing:

A

symmetry and polarity of development and induction of the somites

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44
Q

What are the 3 layers of mesoderm during the proliferation period of human development?

A

Paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate

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45
Q

What are the two categories of lateral plate mesoderm

A

parietal and visceral

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46
Q

List the derivatives of mesoderm (proliferation period)

A
  1. paraxial mesoderm
  2. intermediate mesoderm
  3. lateral plate mesoderm
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47
Q

What is derived from the paraxial mesoderm?

A

somites

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48
Q

What is derived from the intermediate mesoderm

A

urogenital system

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49
Q

What is derived from the parietal portion of the lateral plate mesoderm?

A

Mesothelial (serous) membranes that cover the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities

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50
Q

What is derived from the visceral portion of the lateral plate mesoderm?

A

The thin serous membranes that cover individual organs including the stomach, pancreas, and spleen

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51
Q

The epidermis (hair and nails) are derivatives of the:

A

ectoderm

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52
Q

The epithelium of the oral and nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses are derivatives of the:

A

ectoderm

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53
Q

Salivary and endocrine glands are derivatives of:

A

ectoderm

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54
Q

The nervous system is a derivative of:

A

ectoderm

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55
Q

Tooth enamel is a derivative of:

A

ectoderm

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56
Q

The GI tract epithelium and associated glands are derivatives of:

A

endoderm

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57
Q

Ectoderm creates a lot of ____ derives tissues and organs

A

epithelium

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58
Q

During what stage of human development does the neural tube develop?

A

proliferation period

59
Q

During the development of the neural tube we start with a notochord, neural fold and neural crest which will further develop into the:

A

neural groove

60
Q

During the development of the neural tube, what joins to form the neural tube?

A

neural crest cells

61
Q

The neural tube is a precursor to:

A

the spinal column

62
Q

During the development of the neural tube:
In the midline area, the neural crest cells will form the:

A

dorsal root ganglion

63
Q

Spina Bifida, Meningocele, Menigomyelocele, Meningoencephalocele, and Anencephaly are all what type of defects?

A

neural tube related developmental

64
Q

What occurs when the neural tube doesn’t form all the way to the bottom, due to folic acid deficiency

A

Spina Bifida

65
Q

What neural tube deficiency is characterized by an extrusion of arachnoid and dura mater out of the head

A

Meningocele

66
Q

What neural tube deficiency is characterized by an extrusion of neural tissue and all three meninges out of the head?

A

menignomyelocele

67
Q

What neural tube deficiency is characterized by an extrusion of a ventricular cistern plus neural tissue?

A

menigoencephalocele

68
Q

What neural tube deficiency is a fatal defect characterized by lack of development of the cranium and brain?

A

anencephaly

69
Q

What neural tube defects are considered mild?

A

Spina Bifida and Meningocele

70
Q

What neural tube defect is considered slightly more severe?

A

meningomyelocele

71
Q

What neural tube defect is considered most severe but not yet fatal?

A

meningohydroencephalocele

72
Q

What neural tube defect is considered fatal?

A

anencephaly

73
Q

What determines the severity of the neural tube defect?

A

The amount of tissue extruding out

74
Q

Neural crest cells may also be referred to as:

A
  1. ectomesenchyme
  2. neuroectoderm
75
Q

All neural tube defects occur in what stage of human development?

A

proliferation period

76
Q

If we are talking about oral-facial development in regard neural crest cells, what stage of human development are we referring to?

A

embryonic period

77
Q

Around what day of development do we see the rostral neuropore closing, formation of heart prominence and somites and formation of caudal neuropore?

A

~day 24

78
Q

Around what day of oral-facial development do we see the hyoid arch begin to form and when is it completely formed?

A

~24 days; ~26 days

79
Q

Around what day of oral-facial development do we see formation of the mandibular arch, forebrain prominence, tail, and 3rd brachial arch?

A

~day 24

80
Q

Around what day of oral-facial development do we see formation of the 4th brachial arch, the lower limb bud, the lens placode, and the upper limb bud?

A

~day 28

81
Q

Everything from the neck up to the ear are derived from the:

A

pharyngeal arches

82
Q

The pharyngeal arches can be compared to a stack of onion rings, and each ring contains:

A

A blood vessel, its own cranial nerve, and often will form its own cartilage

83
Q

During oral-facial development (embryonic period), the 1st brachial groove will develop into:

A

external auditory canal

84
Q

During oral-facial development (embryonic period), the 1st brachial pouch will develop into:

A

eustachian tube

85
Q

During oral-facial development (embryonic period), the 2nd brachial pouch will develop into:

A

palatine tonsils

86
Q

During oral-facial development (embryonic period), the 3rd brachial pouch will develop into:

A

inferior parathyroids/thymus

87
Q

During oral-facial development (embryonic period), the 4th brachial pouch will develop into:

A

superior parathyroids/ultimobranchial body

88
Q

Around what day of oral-facial development do the eyes and ears begin to form?

A

~41 days

89
Q

Between the 3rd and 9th month of development, describe the head and body growth of the fetus:

A

Head stays the same size while the body continues to grow larger

90
Q

At month 3 or fetal devleopment, the head to body ratio is:

A

50/50

91
Q

List the processes formed during the development of the face:

A
  1. mandibular process
  2. maxillary process
  3. lateral nasal process
  4. median nasal process
92
Q

In oral-facial development the oral cavity is known as:

A

stomodeum

93
Q

What connects the oral and nasal facial processes?

A

philtrum

94
Q

Clefts can be:

A
  1. palatal
  2. soft tissue
  3. lip
  4. nasal
95
Q

What may cause a palatal cleft?

A

improper descending of the tongue

96
Q

The palatal shelves fuse at the

A

junction of the primary palate

97
Q

Fusion of the medial nasal process and maxillary process normally occur at _____ of gestation.

A

5-6 weeks

98
Q

Defective fusion of the ____ process with the _____ process results in cleft lip

A

medial nasal process; maxillary process

99
Q

Defective fusion of ____ results in a cleft palate

A

palatine shelves

100
Q

Fusion of the palatine shelves normally begins during the ____ week and is completed by the ____ week.

A

8th week of gestation; 12th week of gestation

101
Q

45% of all clefts are:

A

combine cleft lip/cleft palate

102
Q

30% of all cleft cases are:

A

isolated cleft palate

103
Q

25% of all cleft cases are:

A

isolated cleft lip

104
Q

The incidence of clef lip/celft palate is:

______ births in Chinese, Japanese, and Native American populations

_____ births in Caucasian populations

______ births in Afro-American populations

A

1:500

1:700

1:500

105
Q

The incidence of cleft palate alone is:

A

1:2500 births

106
Q

If one child is born with a cleft lip, is a _____ chance of a second child exhibiting the same defect

A

40%

107
Q

Known teratogens involved in congenital malformations:

A

drugs, chemicals, and radiation

108
Q

What chemicals are known teratogens that are involved in congenital malformations: (2)

A

methylmercury and polychlorinated biphenyls

109
Q

List the drugs that are known teratogens involved in congenital malformations: (10)

A
  1. ethanol
  2. tertracycline
  3. dilantin
  4. lithium
  5. methotrexate
  6. warfarin
  7. thalidomide
  8. androgens
  9. progesterone
  10. retanoic acid
110
Q

During oral-facial development, what may develop at the line of fusion between the palatine shelves and primary palate?

A

Nasopalatine Duct Cyst

111
Q

Small depression at the very back of the tongue:

A

foramen cecum

112
Q

The location in which the thyroid gland forms during oral facial development:

A

foramen cecum

113
Q

The 2nd brachial arch on the outside overgrows the 3rd and 4th arches to form a:

A

cervical sinus

114
Q

During what week of development does the cervical sinus (derived from the 2nd brachial arch) get resorbed?

A

7th week

115
Q

Failure of resorption of the cervical sinus results in formation of:

A

Lateral cervical cyst/brachial fistula

116
Q

A lateral cervical cyst or brachial fistula will typically form along what muscle?

A

sternocleidomastoid

117
Q

The first brachial arch forms lateral brachial swellings which ultimately form the:

A

anterior part of the tongue

118
Q

The 1st brachial arch is innervated by:

A

cranial nerve 5

119
Q

The 2nd brachial arch gives ____ to the tongue

A

innervation

120
Q

The 3rd and 4th brachial arch form the:

A

posterior portion of the tongue

121
Q

If the embryonic precursor is brachial arch #1, the intermediate structures include: (3)

A
  1. median tongue bud
  2. foramen cecum
  3. lateral lingual swellings
122
Q

If the embryonic precursor is brachial arch #1 and the intermediate structures include the median tongue bud, foramen cecum, and the lateral lingual swellings, the adult structure is: (3)

A
  1. overgrown by lateral lingual swellings
  2. origin of the thyroid ectoderm
  3. anterior 2/3 of the tongue
123
Q

If the embryonic precursor is brachial arch #2, the intermediate structures include:

A

copula/tuberculum impar

124
Q

If the embryonic precursor is brachial arch #2 and the intermediate structures include copula/tuberculum impar, the adult structure includes:

A

overgrown by hypobrachial eminence

125
Q

If the embryonic prescursor is brachial arch #3, the intermediate structures include:

A

hypobrachial eminence

126
Q

If the embryonic prescursor is brachial arch #3, the intermediate structures include the hypobrachial eminence the adult structures include:

A

posterior 1/3 of tongue

127
Q

If the embryonic precursor is brachial arch #4, the intermediate structures include:

A

minor contributions to the hypobrachial eminence

128
Q

If the embryonic precursor is brachial arch #4, the intermediate structures include minor contributions to the hypobrachial eminence, the adult structures include:

A

none

129
Q

which brachial arches contribute to the most to the tongue?

A

brachial arches 1 & 3

130
Q

Identify the cranial nerves responsible for innervation to each brachial arch:

Arch #1:

Arch#2:

Arch#3:

Arch#4:

Arch#6:

A

1.Trigeminal
2. Facial
3. Glossopharyngeal
4. Vagus
6. Hypoglossal

131
Q

Brachial arch #1 is innervated by the trigeminal nerve which provides:

A

sensory to the anterior 2/3 of tongue

132
Q

Brachial arch #2 is innervated by the facial nerve which provides:

A

Taste (special sensory) to anterior 2/3 via chorda tympani branch

133
Q

Brachial arch #3 is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve which provides:

A

sensory to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

134
Q

Brachial arch #4 is innervated by the vagus nerve which provides:

A

sensory to the extreme posterior 1/3 via the superior laryngeal branch

135
Q

Brachial arch #6 is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve which provides:

A

Motor to all tongue muscles

136
Q

Failure of the thyroglossal duct to involute may result in:

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst

137
Q

A thyroglossal duct cyst is usually found:

A

around the midline

138
Q

Failure of the thyroid gland to involute at all will result in:

A

ectopic lingual thyroid

139
Q

Thyroid tissue sitting on top of the tongue due to failure of involution:

A

ectopic lingual thyroid

140
Q

The mandible, maleus, and incus are derived from:

A

Meckel’s cartilage (1st brachial arch)

141
Q

The stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament and the lesser horn of hyoid are derived from:

A

Reichart’s cartilage (2nd brachial arch)

142
Q

The greater horn of Hyoid is derived from cartilage from the:

A

3rd brachial arch

143
Q

Thyroid cartilage is derived from cartilage from the:

A

4th brachial arch

144
Q

The development of the external ear occurs from 6:

A

auricular hillocks

Histopathology (15 decks)

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