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Histopathology > Alveolar Bone and Related Pathologies- Exam III > Flashcards

Alveolar Bone and Related Pathologies- Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

The alveolar bone proper may also be called: (2)

A
  1. Cribriform plate
  2. Bundle Bone
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2
Q

Formed as a result of the attachment of the PDL fibers and passage of vessels and nerves into and out of the PDL.

A

cribriform plate

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3
Q

The term ____ refers to that bone in which Sharpey’s fibers (PDL) are embedded

A

bundle bone

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4
Q

Immature bone in which the collagen fiber matrix is randomly oriented.

A

woven bone

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5
Q

Type of bone that is generally newly formed (embryologic development) or associated with healing wounds:

A

woven bone

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6
Q

When might woven bone be formed?

A

Embryologic development or healing wounds

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7
Q

____ bone has more cells per unit area

A

woven bone

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8
Q

Woven bone has a greater volume of ____ protein compared to mature bone

A

non-collagenous

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9
Q

Describe the rate of formation of woven bone compared to mature bone:

A

formed more rapidly

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10
Q

Cancellous bone may also be called:

A

spongiosa

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11
Q

Trabecular bone that lies between the cortical plates and within the marrow spaces:

A

spongiosa

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12
Q

Where might spongiosa (cancellous bone line)

A
  1. cortical plates
  2. marrow spaces
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13
Q

Supporting alveolar bone includes:

A

Facial and lingual cortical plates

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14
Q

Facial and lingual cortical plates contain:

A
  1. lamellar bone
  2. haversian bone
  3. interstitial bone
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15
Q

Lamellar and haversian bone are both ____ bone types

A

compact

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16
Q

Bone is 67% ____ and 33% ____.

A

Inorganic= 67%

Organic = 33%

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17
Q

What makes up the inorganic portion of bone?

A

calcium hydroxyapatite

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18
Q

28% of the 33% organic component of bone is comprised of:

A

collagen

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19
Q

Bone is comprised of 33% organic portion, 28% of that is made up of collagen, while the remaining 5% is comprised of:

A
  1. osteocalcin
  2. sialoprotein
  3. phosphoprotein
  4. osteonectin
  5. BMP
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20
Q
  • osteoblasts
  • osteocytes
  • osteoclasts
  • bone lining cells
  • chondroblasts
  • chondrocytes
  • mesenchymal cells
    are all cells associated with:
A

bone

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21
Q

an osteoblast that has been entrapped by its own osteoid matrix:

A

ostocyte

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22
Q

radiate in all directions and allow diffusion of substances throughout bone

A

canaliculi

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23
Q

processes of osteocytes travel within the cnaliculi , and connect to other osteoblasts/osteocytes allowing for:

A

cell to cell communication

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24
Q

Canaliculi may have some ____ properties

A

mechanoreception

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25
Q

a dense connective tissue bound to bone by Sharpey’s fibers, that contian s blood vessels, nerves and three cell layers:

A

periosteum

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26
Q

How is periosteum bound to bone?

A

via sharpeys fibers

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27
Q

What three cell layers make up the periosteium?

A
  1. peripheral cell layer of fibroblasts
  2. intermediate cell layer of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
  3. proximal cell layer of osteoblasts
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28
Q

The peripheral cells layer making up part of the periosteum is comprised of:

A

fibroblasts

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29
Q

The intermediate cell layer making up part of the periosteum is comprised of:

A

undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

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30
Q

The proximal cell layer making up part of the periosteum is comprised of:

A

osteoblasts

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31
Q

What are the three types of cells that make up the three layers of the periosteum?

A
  1. fibroblasts
  2. undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
  3. osteoblasts
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32
Q

Lines the medullary cavity and cancellous bone (trabeculae).

A

endosteum

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33
Q

Endosteum generally has the same composition as the periosteum but is significantly:

A

thinner

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34
Q

What are the types of collagen proteins associated with bone?

A

Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, Type 5, Type 10

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35
Q

Name the type of collagen associated with bone:

Fibrillar: ubiquitous in distribution

A

type 1

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36
Q

Name the type of collagen associated with bone:

Fibrillar: primarily a cartilage protein

A

type 2

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37
Q

Name the type of collagen associated with bone:

Fibrillar: granulation and mesenchymal tissues

A

type 3

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38
Q

Name the type of collagen associated with bone:

Fibrillar: stromal connective tissue and promotes cellular attachment and migration

A

Type 5

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39
Q

Name the type of collagen associated with bone:

Growth plate: facilitates conversion of cartilage to bone

A

Type 10

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40
Q

Type 10 collagen protein that is associated with bone is located in the ____ and facilitates conversion of ____ to _____.

A

growth plate; cartilage to bone

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41
Q
  • osteonectin
  • osteopontin
  • osteocalcin
  • sialoprotein
  • phosphoprotein
  • glycoprotein
  • proteoglycan
  • bone specific protein
  • bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
  • carboxyglutamic acid containing protein
    These are all _____ proteins associated with ____.
A

non-collagenous proteins associated with bone matrix

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42
Q

The non-collagenous matrix proteins of bone are characterized by their: (3)

A
  1. highly acidic nature
  2. high aggregation tendencies
  3. calcium binding properties
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43
Q

In-situremodeling, intramembraneous bone formation and endochrondral bone formation are all processes of:

A

bone formation

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44
Q

A process of osteoclast resorption, and bone replacement by osteoblast activity

A

in-situ remodelng

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45
Q

In-situ remodeling is mostly seen in areas of alveolar bone affected by:

A

orthodontics

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46
Q

Bone formation within or between connective tissue membranes consisting of Type 1 collagen

A

intramembranous bone formation

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47
Q

What type of collage is involved with intramembranous bone formation?

A

Type 1

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48
Q

In intramembranous bone formation, the bone does or does NOT replace cartilage

In endochondral bone formation, the bone does or does NOT replace cartilage

A

DOES NOT

DOES

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49
Q

Bone formation within hyaline cartilage that involves a cocomitant replacement of the cartilage framework by bone

A

endochondral bone formation

50
Q

List the stages (in order) of in situ bone remodeling:

A
  1. resorption
  2. reversal
  3. formation
  4. resting
51
Q

Intramembranous bone formation is found in the ____ layers of bone as well as ____.

A

inner spongy; sutures

52
Q

An extremely rapid and disorganized method of bone deposition allowing for growth of the surrounding tissues

A

intramembraneous

53
Q

_____ is an example of intramembraneous bone growth

A

woven bone

54
Q

During intramembraneous bone formation, ____ secrete matrix vesicles that mineralize surrounding collagen fibers

A

osteoblasts

55
Q

In intramembraneous bone formation, the osteoblasts secrete _____ that mineralize surrounding ____.

A

matrix vesicles; collagen fibers

56
Q

In intramembraneous bone formation, the osteoblasts become ______ and eventually are considered ____

A

trapped; osteocytes

57
Q

What is the key content of matrix vesicles?

A

Alkaline phosphatase

58
Q

List all the contents found within matrix vesicles?

A
  1. alkaline phosphatase
  2. pyrophosphatase
  3. glycoproteins
  4. phosphoproteins
  5. phospholipids
59
Q

Alkaline phosphatase, pyrophosphatase, glycoproteins, phosphoproteins, and phospholipids are all contents of:

A

matrix vesicles

60
Q

Where is endochrondral bone formation mostly seen? (4)

A

Mostly seen in vertebrae, long bones, base of the skull and head of the mandible

61
Q

What makes the general outline of the final bone shape in endochondral bone formation?

A

mesenchymal cells

62
Q

During endochondral bone formation, the mesenchymal cells differentiate into ____.

A

chondroblasts

63
Q

What happens to the chondroblasts during endochondral bone formation?

A
  1. increase in size
  2. secrete collagen
64
Q

In endochondral bone formation- the newly formed chondrocytes eventually ____.

A

die

65
Q

In endochondral bone formation, following death of the newly formed chondrocytes, vascular tissue from the surrounding perichondrium ______ the cartilage, allowing for ____ & _____ cells to enter the area

A

invades; mesenchymal cells and chondrocytes

66
Q

In endochondral bone formation, the invading chondrocytes ____ the cartilage, and newly differentiated ____ deposit ____ onto the cartilage

A

eat away; osteoblasts; osteoid

67
Q

In endochondral bone formation, the osteoid is mineralized by _____ and bone is made

A

osteocytes

68
Q

In endochondral bone formation, the growth of these bones is dependent on the growth of:

A

cartilage

69
Q

In endochondral bone formation, when does growth of the bone stop?

A

once cartilage has been completely removed

70
Q

List the zones of cellular activity in endochondral bone formation: (6)

A
  1. Reserve (or resting chondrocytes)
  2. Proliferation
  3. Maturation
  4. Hypertrophy and calcification
  5. Cartilage degeneration
  6. Osteogenesis
71
Q

Bone metabolism is controlled systemically by _____ and locally by _____.

A

systemically- hormones
locally- mechanical factors, growth factors, cytokines

72
Q

PTH, 1,25- vitamin D3, Calcitonin, Estrogen, and Glucocorticoids are all ____ important to ___

A

hormones; bone metabolism

73
Q

IL-1, IL-6, BMP-2, BMP-7, TGF, IGF-1, IGF-2, PDGF, and FGF-B are all ____ important to ____.

A

cytokines and growth factors, bone metabolism

74
Q

What interleukins are important to bone metabolism?

What BMPs are important to bone metabolism?

What IGFs are important to bone metabolism?

A

IL-1 and 6

BMP-2 and 7

IGF-1 and 2

75
Q

under conditions that favor bone resorption, osteoblasts can be stimulated by cytokines and hormones to produces ____ which, in turn, promotes differentiation of osteoclasts

A

IL-6

76
Q

What does IL-6 promote under conditions that favor bone resorption?

A

differentiation of osteoclasts

77
Q

Involves the creation of localized acidic pH to demineralize hydroxyapatite, and a variety of enzymes that degrade the organic bone matrix

A

osteoclast mediated resorption

78
Q

Osteoclastic resorption of bone invovles the creation of:

A

a localized acidic pH

79
Q

In osteoclastic resorption of bone, the creation of a localized acidic pH is used to:

A

demineralize hydroxyapatite and a variety of enzymes that degrade the organic bone matrix

80
Q

What is the reaction for osteoclast mediated resorption:

A

Carbon dioxide + water yields bicarb and protons

81
Q

The osteoclast mediatied resorption reaction is catalyzed by:

A

carbonic anhydrase

82
Q

_____ is dictated by
- facial-lingual alignment of teeth
- mesial to distal contour of the CEJ
- facial-lingual width of teeth
- presence of enamel pearls or cervical enamel projections

A

Shape of tooth-associated facial and lingual cortical bone

83
Q

_____ is dictated by
- facial to lingual contour of the CEJ
- mesial or distal tilt of the tooth
- root proximity
- presence of enamel pearls
- state of tooth eruption

A

Shape of the interproximal alveolar bone

84
Q

An isolated “port-hole” in the cortical bone that allows exposure of the underlying root surface

A

fenestrations

85
Q

a denuded area of cortical bone that extends through the marginal bone creating a “cleft-like” defect

A

dehiscence

86
Q

Fenestrations and dehiscences are both:

A

anatomic defects of alveolar bone

87
Q

Exostosis and torus/tori are both:

A

anatomic variations of alveolar bone

88
Q

An area of bone formation that exceeds the average for a given anatomical area. This term is generally used in reference to the maxillary facial and lingual and mandibular facial

A

exotsosis

89
Q

An area of bone formation that exceeds the average for a given anatomical area. This term is generally used in reference to the mandibular lingual or midline of the palate

A

torus/tori

90
Q

Generally asymptomatic causing a painless expansion of bone

A

giant cell tumor

91
Q

A giant cell tumor is usally a single lesion that can ve either:

A

unilocular or multilocular

92
Q

Giant cell tumors are often confused with ____ or ____ or _____.

A

amelobastoma, periapical granuloma or periapical cyst

93
Q

A giant cell tumor is histologically characterized by the presence of numerous _____ in a stroma of ovoid and spindle shaped ______.

A

multinucleated giant cells; mesenchymal cells

94
Q

Malignancy of plasma cell origin that accounts for nearly 50% of all malignancies involving bone

A

multiple myeloma

95
Q

In multiple myeloma, the plasma cells are typically _____ meaning ____

A

monoclonal; meaning they arise from a single cell

96
Q

In multiple myeloma, patients frequently suffer _____ due to overload of circulating light chain protein ______, produced by the abnormal plasma cells

A

kidney failure; Bence Jones Protein

97
Q

In multiple myeloma, the histology shows monotonous sheets of _____, variable differentiated _____ cells that invade and replace normal host tissue

A

neoplastic; plasmacytoid

98
Q

In multiple myeloma, radiographically, patients may exhibit _____ areas in the ____.

A

“punched out”; cranium

99
Q

In multiple myeloma the “punched out” areas in the cranium seen radiographically are filled with the:

A

neoplastic plasmacytoid cells

100
Q

A malignancy of mesenchymal cells that have the ability to produce osteoid or immature bone

A

osteogenic sarcoma

101
Q

Excluding hematopoietic neoplasms, _____ is the most common type of malignancy to originate within bone

A

osteogenic sarcoma

102
Q

What are the most common symptoms associated with osteogenic sarcoma?

A

pain and swelling

103
Q

In osteogenic sarcoma, radiographic findings vary from ____ to a mixed ____ lesion. About 25% of lesions exhibit a ____ pattern.

A

dense sclerosis to a mixed sclerotic-radiolucent lesion; sunburst

104
Q

The embryonic origin or enamel is:

A

ectoderm

105
Q

The embryonic origin or dentin, cementum and bone is:

A

mesenchyme and ectomesenchyme

106
Q

Matrix forming cell of enamel:

A

ameloblast

107
Q

Matrix forming cell of dentin:

A

odontoblast

108
Q

Matrix forming cell of cementum:

A

cementoblast

109
Q

Matrix forming cell of bone:

A

osteoblast

110
Q

The mechanism of growth for enamel, cementum and dentin is:

A

appositional

111
Q

The mechanism of growth for bone is:

A

appositional and interstitial

112
Q

The organic matrix of enamel is comprised of:

A

amelogenin and enamelin

113
Q

The organic matrix of dentin, cementum and bone is comprised of:

A

Type 1 collagen

114
Q

Describe the blood supply to enamel dentin and cementum:

A

none

115
Q

Does bone get blood supply?

A

Yes

116
Q

Describe the innervation to enamel and cementum:

Describe the innervation to dentin:

Describe the innervation to bone:

A

none

limited

extensive

117
Q

Describe the intercellular space of enamel:

A

non-existent

118
Q

Describe the intercellular space of dentin:

A

dentinal tubules

119
Q

Describe the intercellular space of cementum:

A

lacunae and canaliculi

120
Q

Describe the intercellular space of bone:

A

lacunae and canaliculi

Histopathology (15 decks)

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