Human Body Systems Review Flashcards
What are the four basic types of tissues in the human body?
Muscle, Nervous, Epithelial, Connective
Maintaining relatively constant (stable) internal conditions
Homeostasis
What is a neuron?
The main cell of the nervous system
How are neurons classified?
By the direction of the impulse
What does a neurotransmitter do?
Transmits the impulse across the synapse
Label the neuron. What do the different parts do?
Cell body - largest part, contains nucleus
Dendrites - receives impulse from stimulus
Axon - carries the impulse away from the cell body
Myelin sheath - covers the axon, keeps the impulse in the axon
Node of ranvier - places where other neurons can hook on
Axon terminals (buds) - attaches to other neurons, muscles, or organs
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for processes, analyzing, and relaying information?
The central nervous system
What are the major parts of the brain and their function?
Cerebrum - thinking, voluntary action, personality
Cerebellum - balance and coordination
Brain stem - connects brain to spinal cord, involuntary actions
Type of drug that slows down the heart and breathing
Example of a one?
Depressants
Alcohol
What affect to stimulants have on the body? Give examples of stimulants
Increase breathing and heart rate
Ex. Caffiene, cigarettes, chocolate
The skull, ribs, and vertebral column belong to the ______ skeleton
Axial
What bones belong to the appendicular skeleton?
Arms, legs, pelvis, shoulders
How many bones are found in an adult skeleton?
206
How many bones are in an infant skeleton?
350
What is the function of the skeleton?
Protects organs, makes blood cells, stores minerals, helps in movement
Connects bones to bones at a joint
Ligaments
Connects muscles to bones
Tendons
Name the different types of joints and an example of where it may be found
Pivot joint - base of skull with spinal column
Ball and socket joint - shoulders and hips
Hinge joint - knees and elbows
Gliding joint - wrists and ankles
Saddle joint - thumb and fingers
Fixed joint - adult skull
What are the three types of muscles?
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
What do skeletal muscles look like and where are they found?
Attached to the bone (for voluntary movement), they are dense and striped (striations)
What do cardiac muscles look like and where are they found?
In the heart only (involuntary movement), they are spaced out (branched) and semi-striped
What do smooth muscles look like and where are they found?
Lining of the digestive system, they have NO stripes or branches (involuntary movement)
What are the three parts of the circulatory system?
Blood, heart, blood vessels (capillaries, arteries, veins)
Which blood vessels carry blood towards the heart, are thin walled, and have valves to direct flow
Veins
Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart, are thick walled, and carry a pulse
Arteries
The smallest type of blood vessel that connects veins with arteries and allows for gas exchange
Capillaries
Blood cell without a nucleus
Carries oxygen/carbon dioxide
Most numerous in the blood stream
Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)
Blood cells that are part of the immune system
Fight off pathogens
Very few found in the blood
White Blood Cells (WBC’s)
Cell fragments that aid in clotting and scab formation
Platelets
How much blood is present in the adult human body?
4 to 6 liters
The respiratory system is responsible for
The process of exchanging carbon dioxide with oxygen (gas exchange)
Describe the path of air, starting with the nose
Nose - Pharynx - Larynx (epiglottis) - Trachea - Bronchi (lungs) - Bronchioles - Alveoli (gas exchange)
Describe the pathway of food, starting at the mouth
Mouth - Pharynx - Esophagus (peristalsis) - Stomach - Small Intestine (absorption of food) - Large Intestine (absorption of water) - Rectum
( ) = what occurs in that organ
____ is found in the mouth and breaks down starches (carbohydrates)
Amylase
____ is found in the stomach and breaks down proteins
Pepsin
What enzymatic (enzyme containing) fluid is made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and used in the small intestine to break down fat?
Bile
How does the pancreas play a role in digestion?
It produces pancreatic juice, which is put into the small intestine to neutralize the acids from the stomach
What is the function of the small intestine?
It uses villi (fingerlike projections) to absorb usable material from what is eaten and place it in the blood stream
Which organ absorbs excess water from waste and makes vitamin K?
Large Intestine
What is the function of the kidneys?
They filter blood and reabsorb needed materials before removing waste
Which system is made up of glands that release hormones into the blood stream?
Endocrine System
Label the picture with the major glands and organs of the endocrine system:
Pineal gland, Parathyroid gland,
Pituitary gland, Hypothalmus,
Kidney, Adrenal gland,
Pancreas, Ovaries,
Testis, Thymus,
Thyroid Gland
What is a feedback loop?
The mechanism through which body systems check up on each other for efficiency (ex. thermostat on an air conditioner)
What does testosterone do?
Produces a deep voice, hair, large muscles, and sperm production
What is produced in the seminiferous tubules in the testis?
Sperm
Lasts 3-5 days
Shedding of the uterus lining
Menstruation
Lasts 28 days
The time between menstruations
Menstrual Cycle
What is ovulation?
When the egg is released from the ovary to the fallopian tube
A ____ is what’s formed when an egg and a sperm unite
Zygote
The connection between the uterus and the umbilical cord that provides nutrients to the fetus from the mother
Placenta
Where must fertilization occur?
In the fallopian tube
