Human Anatomy exam 1

Question 1

function of kidneys

Answer 1

1.excretions of metabolic wastes 2.maintain water-salt balance& blood volume, pressure 3. maintain acid-base balance 4. production of hormones

Question 2

secretion of hormones

Answer 2

renin: secretion of aldostrone - reabsorbs sodium ions which help control blood pressure.
Erythropoietin - stimulates the production of rbc

Question 3

blood supply- renal artery

Answer 3

carries oxygenated blood to kidneys

Question 4

bs - afferent arterioles

Answer 4

blood to glomerules

Question 5

bs- efferent arterioles

Answer 5

carry blood away from glomerulus

Question 6

bs- renal veins

Answer 6

carry away blood filtered by kidneys

Question 7

the nephron

Answer 7

filtration of blood, reabsorbs filtered substances back into blood, secretion of unwanted substances

Question 8

nephron structure

Answer 8

bowmans capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Question 9

glomerular filtration

Answer 9

large molecules like blood cells, large proteins remain in the G. 10% of plasma filtered

Question 10

glomerular filtration rate

Answer 10

volume of liquid that filters into bowmans. average gfr is 125ml/min
influenced by – 1. filtration pressure 2. filtration coefficient 2 components - surface area and permability

Question 11

autoregulation

Answer 11

of gfr is a control process in which the kidney contains a relatively constant gfr in an event of fluctuations in blood pressure

Question 12

tubular reabsorption

Answer 12

move substances from tubules back into blood. 180 litres everyday and only 1.4-1.8L excreted.
mainly occurs in the PCT and small amount in DCT. reabsorption mechanisms- active transport, passive movement

Question 13

why is loop of henle useful

Answer 13

concentrate the filtrate and adjust its composition, longer the loop the more concentrated the filtrate

Question 14

nutrient transport

Answer 14

if their concentration in the filtrate rises to high t may reach transport maximum or renal threshold = these substances will appear in urine

Question 15

tubular secretion

Answer 15

movement of molecules from extracellular fluid back into the tubules if they need to be eliminated from the body

Question 16

aldosterone

Answer 16

regulate sodium & potassium, increses water retention, increase blood pressure

Question 17

ADH

Answer 17

increasing water absorption in the collecting ducts, controls reabsorption of water, plays key role in homeostasis

Question 18

excretion

Answer 18

= filtration-reabsoption+ secretion

Question 19

creatinine

Answer 19

standard test for assesing renal function

Question 20

insulin

Answer 20

most accurate substance to measure bc it passes through the urine without being reabsorbed

Question 21

micturition

Answer 21

bladder can expand to 500ml, bladder stores urine until it is released in the process as micturition