human anatomy Flashcards
events that result in impulse
depolarization, repolarization , recovery
antibodies
proteins that protect against foreign substances
B lymphocytes
create antibody
amylase
starch- maltose
maltase
maltose- glucose
pepsin
protein- polypeptide
lipase
triglycride - glycrol and fatty acid
facilitated diffusion
along a conc gradient from high conc to low conc and does not require energy
active transport
against conc gradient from low conc to high conc and requires energy
protein in urine
damaged kidneys, diet, dydration
A positive
contains type A antigens with the presence of a protein Rh
what happens if given wrong blood type
antibodies will attack& destroy the foreign red cells causing transfusion reaction
4 categories of BMI
less than 18.5 - underweight, 18.5-25 healthy, 25 -30 overweight, 30- obese
when should BMI not be used
short, tall ppl and muscle build
positive control & negative
positive is used to interpret the correct result and negative if it goes wrong
4 functions of kidneys
removes waste, control blood pressure, make red blood cells, control ph levels.
AB positive
can receive RBC from any blood type
O negative
any blood type can receive it
large intestine
absorbing water, producing & absorbing vitimins, forming faeces towards the rectum
functions of urinary system
removes waste products & balances body fluids, release hormones to regulate blood pressure, control production of RBC
hormones produced by kidney
Vit D, erythropoietin, renin
arterioles
blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
how are blood calcium levels regulated
paratyroid hormones regulates calcium levels in blood by increasing levels when too low
secondary endocrine glands
hypothalamus & pituitary gland, tyroid.
factors that influence o2 binding to haemaglobin
temperature, ph
function of hormone thyroxine
metabolism, heart & muscle health, digestive, bone
digestive hormones
gastrin- tells stomach secrete hydrochloric acid
secretin- release of bicarbonate
compact tissue
hard outer layers of bones minimal gaps and spaces
spongy
fills the interior of bones
osteoblasts
form new bones & add growth to existing tissue
osteoclasts
dissolve old bone tissue and replace with new
osteocytes
important role in all aspects of bone function, contain nucleas and cytoplasm
layers of the gastrointestinal tract
- mucosa- innermost layer that lines the lumen 2. submucosa- formed of loose connective tissue 3. muscularis- smooth muscle 4. serosa- connective tissue
first line of defence (non-specific)
skin, earwax, tears , saliva
2nd line of defence
cells ingest and destroy all microbes that pass into the body tissue
adaptive vs innate
resistance to infection, results in production of antibodies and T cells. Innate- protects against all antigens barriers that prevent harmful materials from entering your body.
lymphocytes in the immune system
help every antigen it comes in contact with. fight cancer and foreign antigens
3 phases of ovarian cycle
follicular phase- follicle inside an ovary prepares to release egg. ovulation- egg is released. luteal phase- estrogen and progesterone are produced
t- lymphocytes
get rid off infected or cancerous cells
natural killer cells
white blood cells that destroy infected cells
meiosis
cell devision that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half & produces 4 gamete cells
mitosis
two daughter cells each having the same number of chromo as the parent nucleas
action potential
a rapid change in polarity across the membrane
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that transmit signals across the synapse from one neuron to another
hormones
chemical messengers produced in one part of the body with an effect on the other
endocrine glands
pituitary, adrenal, tyroid, pancreas, hypothalamus
structural component of neuron
dendrite, exon and cellbody
endocrine hormones
peptide, steroid
enzyme
a protein that helps speed up metabolism
digestive enzymes- amylase and starch
body mass index
measure if someone is over or underweight, dividing their weight in kilograms by the square of their height in metres
basal metabolic rate
rate the body uses energy while resting to maintain vital functions
5 types of white blood cells
monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophiles, eosinophiles
hormonal control of the ovarian cycle
the pituitary gland is stimulated by the gnrh to produce LH and FSH
inflammotory response
redness, swelling, heat, pain
antigen
substance that causes the body to make antibodies against it
myoglobin
carries o2 to muscle
