human anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

events that result in impulse

A

depolarization, repolarization , recovery

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2
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that protect against foreign substances

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3
Q

B lymphocytes

A

create antibody

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4
Q

amylase

A

starch- maltose

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5
Q

maltase

A

maltose- glucose

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6
Q

pepsin

A

protein- polypeptide

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7
Q

lipase

A

triglycride - glycrol and fatty acid

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8
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

along a conc gradient from high conc to low conc and does not require energy

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9
Q

active transport

A

against conc gradient from low conc to high conc and requires energy

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10
Q

protein in urine

A

damaged kidneys, diet, dydration

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11
Q

A positive

A

contains type A antigens with the presence of a protein Rh

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12
Q

what happens if given wrong blood type

A

antibodies will attack& destroy the foreign red cells causing transfusion reaction

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13
Q

4 categories of BMI

A

less than 18.5 - underweight, 18.5-25 healthy, 25 -30 overweight, 30- obese

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14
Q

when should BMI not be used

A

short, tall ppl and muscle build

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15
Q

positive control & negative

A

positive is used to interpret the correct result and negative if it goes wrong

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16
Q

4 functions of kidneys

A

removes waste, control blood pressure, make red blood cells, control ph levels.

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17
Q

AB positive

A

can receive RBC from any blood type

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18
Q

O negative

A

any blood type can receive it

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19
Q

large intestine

A

absorbing water, producing & absorbing vitimins, forming faeces towards the rectum

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20
Q

functions of urinary system

A

removes waste products & balances body fluids, release hormones to regulate blood pressure, control production of RBC

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21
Q

hormones produced by kidney

A

Vit D, erythropoietin, renin

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22
Q

arterioles

A

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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23
Q

how are blood calcium levels regulated

A

paratyroid hormones regulates calcium levels in blood by increasing levels when too low

24
Q

secondary endocrine glands

A

hypothalamus & pituitary gland, tyroid.

25
factors that influence o2 binding to haemaglobin
temperature, ph
26
function of hormone thyroxine
metabolism, heart & muscle health, digestive, bone
27
digestive hormones
gastrin- tells stomach secrete hydrochloric acid secretin- release of bicarbonate
28
compact tissue
hard outer layers of bones minimal gaps and spaces
29
spongy
fills the interior of bones
30
osteoblasts
form new bones & add growth to existing tissue
31
osteoclasts
dissolve old bone tissue and replace with new
32
osteocytes
important role in all aspects of bone function, contain nucleas and cytoplasm
33
layers of the gastrointestinal tract
1. mucosa- innermost layer that lines the lumen 2. submucosa- formed of loose connective tissue 3. muscularis- smooth muscle 4. serosa- connective tissue
34
first line of defence (non-specific)
skin, earwax, tears , saliva
35
2nd line of defence
cells ingest and destroy all microbes that pass into the body tissue
36
adaptive vs innate
resistance to infection, results in production of antibodies and T cells. Innate- protects against all antigens barriers that prevent harmful materials from entering your body.
37
lymphocytes in the immune system
help every antigen it comes in contact with. fight cancer and foreign antigens
38
3 phases of ovarian cycle
follicular phase- follicle inside an ovary prepares to release egg. ovulation- egg is released. luteal phase- estrogen and progesterone are produced
39
t- lymphocytes
get rid off infected or cancerous cells
40
natural killer cells
white blood cells that destroy infected cells
41
meiosis
cell devision that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half & produces 4 gamete cells
42
mitosis
two daughter cells each having the same number of chromo as the parent nucleas
43
action potential
a rapid change in polarity across the membrane
44
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that transmit signals across the synapse from one neuron to another
45
hormones
chemical messengers produced in one part of the body with an effect on the other
46
endocrine glands
pituitary, adrenal, tyroid, pancreas, hypothalamus
47
structural component of neuron
dendrite, exon and cellbody
48
endocrine hormones
peptide, steroid
49
enzyme
a protein that helps speed up metabolism digestive enzymes- amylase and starch
50
body mass index
measure if someone is over or underweight, dividing their weight in kilograms by the square of their height in metres
51
basal metabolic rate
rate the body uses energy while resting to maintain vital functions
52
5 types of white blood cells
monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophiles, eosinophiles
53
hormonal control of the ovarian cycle
the pituitary gland is stimulated by the gnrh to produce LH and FSH
54
inflammotory response
redness, swelling, heat, pain
55
antigen
substance that causes the body to make antibodies against it
56
myoglobin
carries o2 to muscle
57