HUBS LT 5 Flashcards
coronary artery disease
when the arteries that supply the heart become narrow, stiff, or blocked. This is mainly because of a buildup of fatty deposits called atherosclerosis
risk factors of coronary heart disease
-family history
-increasing age
-smoking
-hypertension
angina
A chest pain that happens when the heart needs more oxygen than it’s getting
stable angina
This type is predictable. It usually happens during physical activity and goes away with rest or medication like nitroglycerin
unstable angina
this type is more serious and unpredictable. It can happen even when you’re resting and may get worse over time- lasting longer happening more often or feeling more intense.
difference between stable and unstable angina
-predictability
-duration
-cause
-treatment
myocardial infarction
happens when a coronary artery gets blocked, cutting off blood flow to part of the heart. This causes a lack of oxygen for too long, which leads to death of heart muscle cells.
signs & symptoms of myocardial infarction
-angina
-nausea
-vomiting
-shortness of breath
-extreme fatigue
complication of myocardial infarction
-angina
-re-infarction
-heart failure
-arrhythmias
what are some managements of myocardial infarction
-initial treatment
-reperfusion therapy
-long-term management
initial treatment of myocardial infarction
-check vital signs
-start basic treatment like MONA
-do an ECG to look at the heart’s activity
reperfusion therapy of myocardial infarction
to wuickly restore blood flow to the heart, such as thrombolytics and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
long-term management of myocardial infarction
-ACE inhibitors to help the heart
-anti-platelet medication to prevent clots
-in some cases, bypass surgery
Arrhythmias
An irregular heartbeat, meaning the heart may beat too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular rhythm.
atrial fibrillation
When the upper chambers of the heart (the atria) beat in a fast and irregular way because of chaotic electrical signals. This makes the heart rhythm uneven and often too fast.
ventricular tachycardia
when the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles) send out electrical signals too quickly, causing the heart to beat very fast
ventricular fibrillation
when the heart’s lower chambers (ventricles) quiver instead of pumping properly. This means the heart can’t pump blood out, so blood flow stops
asystole
when the heart has completely stopped sending electrical signals. without electrical signals, the heart can’t pump, so there’s no heartbeat or blood flow.
dysrhythmias
any abnormality in the normal rhythm of the heart.
heart failure
when the heart can’t pump blood effectively to meet the body’s needs, leading to reduced cardiac output and impaired delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues.
causes of heart failure
-coronary artery disease
-high blood pressure
-heart muscle disease
consequences of heart failure
-organ damage
-fluid buildup
-increased risk of blood clots
-heart rhythm problems
what is the function of the myocardial infarction medication, nitrates
reduce the stress on the heart by improving blood flow to the heart muscle
what is the function of the dysrhythmias medication, beta-blockers
decrease the heart rate and cardiac output, which lowers blood pressure by blocking the effects of adrenalin
what is the function of the arrhythmias medication, beta-blockers
slowing down the heart rate and reducing the heart’s workload, ultimately helping to control and regulate irregular heart rhythms
what is the most common cause of coronary artery disease
Atherosclerosis
what is angina
angina is chest pain caused by insufficent blood flow to meet the demands of cardiac muscle
myocyte necrosis occurs in MI because of:
prolonged myocardial ischemia
A transmural MI:
Causes an S-T segment elevation on ECG
myocardial stunning
temporary loss of contractility lasting hours to days after reperfusion
myocardial hibernation
prolonged loss of contractility post sustained ischemia and reperfusion
myocardial remodeling
permanent loss of contractility with cellular hypertrophy
angioplasty is a procedure which:
opens blocked arteries via balloon inflation
thromboembolism is a significant risk associated with:
atrial fibrillation
ventricular tachycardia
rapid & abnormal discharge of electrical signals in the ventricles (very high HR)
asytole
lack of electrical activity in the heart wall
ventricular fibrillation
ventricles quiver instead of contracting
A major consequence of left sided heart failure is:
pulmonary oedema
key differences between systolic and diastolic heart failure.
systolic heart failure: decreased ability of ventricle to pump blood.
Diastolic heart failure: decreased ability of ventricle to fill with blood
