HUBS LT 10 Flashcards
type 1 diabetes
A chronic autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the insulin producing cells in the pancreas, leading to no insulin production
type 2 diabetes
Chronic condition where the body either doesn’t produce enough insulin or the cells don’t respond normally to insulin
gestational diabetes
a type of diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy which involve insulin insufficiency and/or insulin resistance
differences between these diabetes:
-insulin resistance
-treatment
-causes
signs & symptoms of diabetes:
- glucosuria
-polyuria
-polydipsia
-weight loss
-fatigue
what are some complications that may occur as a result of diabetes?
-Retinopathies
-Nephropathies
-Neuropathies
How is retinopathies a complication of diabetes?
retinopathies is an eye problem that can happen with diabetes. High blood sugar causes damage to the tiny blood vessels in the retina (the part of the eye that senses light).
how is nephropathies a complication of diabetes?
A kidney problem that can happen with diabetes, affecting the tiny filters in the kidneys called glomeruli. High blood sugar damages these filters, making them thicker and more leaky.
how is neuropathies a complication of diabetes?
High blood sugar in diabetes can damage nerves in the body. This happens because of sugar buildup in nerves, poor blood flow, and stress on the cells.
what are some methods of diagnosis for diabetes?
-fasting blood glucose test
-oral glucose tolerance test
-HbA1c test
how does the fasting blood glucose test work?
the test checks blood sugar after a individual not eating for a while.
how does the oral glucose tolerance test work?
This test is often used to daignose gestational diabetes
how does the HbA1c test work?
this test shows the average blood sugar over the past 2-3 months and is the most commonly used to test for both diagnosis and long-term monitoring.
What does the HbA1c test do?
hemoglobin naturally picks up some glucose from the blood. the more sugar in the blood, the more glucose sticks to the hemoglobin. HbA1c test can be used to measure this ‘sugar-coated’ hemoglobin.
management of type 1 diabetes:
-insulin is given via subcutaneous infection
-regular glucose monitoring
-diet & activity management
management of type 2 diabetes:
-lifestyle changes; e.g. healthy diet or increased exercise
-regular glucose monitoring
-oral hypoglycaemic medication
management of gestational diabetes:
depending on how well blood sugar is controlled during pregnancy, sometimes insulin is needed during labor, even if it wasn’t used earlier.
what are some diabetic medications?
-Biguanides
-Sulfonylureas
-Hormones
-GLP-1 Agonists
-SGLT-2 inhibitor
what is the function of Bigunides medication?
Helps lower blood sugar levels for people with type 2 diabetes.
what is the function of sulfonylureas medication?
stimulates the pancreas to release more insulin, which helps lower blood sugar levels.
what is the function of hormone medication?
regulates blood sugar levels
What is the function of GLP-1 Agonists medication?
Cuases the body to make more insulin. The extra insulin helps lower blood sugar.
What is the function of SGLT-2 inhibitor medication?
Lowers blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes by increasing the amount of glucose excreted in the urine.
what is a complication of diabetes that may occur due to microvascular damage associated with glycosylation?
Visual impairments
Tingling and numbness beginning in the lower legs and eventually progressing to the knee and thigh would be classified as:
Distal symmetric polyneuropathy
What is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
-dehydration
-extreme hyperglycemia
-metabolic acidosis
-decreased blood pressure (hypotension)
why is the HbA1c test preferred for diagnosis/screening and ongoing evaluation of diabetes?
Because it is directly proportional to the average amount of glucose in the blood over a period of weeks- months, thus giving an accurate indication of blood glucose levels over time.
insulin treatment is only used in type 2 diabetes if other management methods are not able to maintain adequate blood glucose levels
True
