HUBS LT 2 Flashcards
waste products
Natural chemicals made during normal body processes, but our body doesn’t need them.
how carbon dioxide builds up in the body and causes disease
if our lungs can’t remove carbon dioxide, it builds up in the blood. This is called hypercapnia and it can cause acidosis and carbon dioxide narcosis
how urea builds up in the body and causes disease
urea is actively removed again to be excreted. If the kidney’s don’t work properly, urea builds up in the blood, this is called uremia
how does fluid/blood cause disease
not enough blood volume (hypovolemia) often due to dehydration or too much blood volume (hypervolemia) can lead to high blood pressure
how does clotting factors cause disease
too many or abnormal clots can block blood flow, or not enough clotting can cause too much bleeding
how does electrolyte cause disease
electrolyte imbalances can affect nerve signals and muscle movements
how does neurotransmitters cause disease
neurotransmitters imbalances can affect brain function, muscle movement, and gland activity
how does hormones cause disease
hormone imbalances causes many issues: too little thyroid hormone can cause tiredness, and slow heart rate, and too much thyroid hormone can cause trouble sleeping, fast heart rate and high blood pressure
how does enzymes cause disease
enzyme imbalanes can lead to metabolic disorders
mutagens
an agent that can cause mutations in our DNA
how viruses cause mutation
some viruses can insert their DNA into our cells
how UV light cause mutation
Radiation breaks DNA in skin cells apart, destroying genes that stop constant growth
how does radiation cause mutation
Exposure to radiation over time can harm DNA
how does free radicals cause mutation
chemicals made by our own cells that so want to attach to something they will break apart our own DNA
how recessive genes cause disease
If someone has only one copy of the mutated gene, they won’t have the disease but they are a carrier and can pass it on.
How X-linked genes cause disease
when mutations in those genes, located on the X chromosome, lead to functional problems or the absence of a necessary protein, particularly in males who have only one X chromosome
X-linked traits
traits that are controlled by genes found on the X chromosome
how are males more likely to develop diseases from X-linked disorders
Females have two X chromosomes, whereas males only have one X chromosomes. If a male inherits a mutated gene on his X chromosome, there is no other X chromosome. SO the male will develop the disease.
how do genetic, environment, and socioeconomics all contribute to causing disease
most diseases happen because of a mix of genes and lifestyle and environment changes.
you start your morning rounds, and one of your patients can barely wake up, and then immediately falls to sleep. You alert the doctor, and think out what could cause this. Decreased consciousness could be caused by an increase in:
Carbon dioxide
You look at some lab work and notice the patient has a urea level of 11.2, which is high. As part of your assessment, you will check for:
Nausea and vomiting, oedema, and itching
the doctor tells you that your patient has hypervolemia. Which of these signs would you expect to find?
bounding pulse that you can see through the skin at the wrist and neck
If there is a mutation in an ova or a sperm cell, who will be the person who might develop disease from the mutation?
The child
