HUBS LT 3 Flashcards
the parasympathetic nervous system causes hypotension in 3 ways:
-decreased cardiac output
-hypovolemia
-vaso-vagal reaction
How does decreased cardiac output stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system cause hypotension
A slower heartbeat and wider vessels means less force pushing the blood around, which leads to lower blood pressure.
How does vaso-vagal reaction stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system cause hypotension
This activates the vagus nerve, part of the PNS. The heart slows down and blood vessels relax, which drops blood pressure
How does hypovelemia stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system cause hypotension
Leads to hypotension because lower blood volume means less pressure in the blood vessels.
orthostatic hypotension
A condition where blood pressure drops significantly when a person stands up after sitting or lying down
risk factors of orthostatic hypotension
-older age
-medications
-pregnancy
-nervous system disorder
how does older age impact blood pressure
decreased thirst reflex can also influence on blood volume and therefore blood pressure
how does medication impact blood pressure
Beta blockers block the sympathetic nervous system, which causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure
how does pregnancy impact blood pressure
Pregnancy hormones relax smooth muscle, enhancing vasodilation which may contribute to increasing pooling of blood in veins in the lower limbs.
what are some disease complications from hypertension
-aneurysms
-damage to blood vessel linings
-rupture of small blood vessels
how is aneurysm a disease complication from hypertension
High blood pressure weakens the walls of arteries, causing a aneurysm to form. If a aneurysm bursts they can cause serious bleeding and even death very quickly.
how is damage to the blood vessel linings a disease complication from hypertension
Constant high blood pressure can wear down the inner lining of blood vessels. Scarred blood vessels get stiff, making it harder for blood to flow and increasing blood pressure.
how is a rupture of small blood vessels, a disease complication from hypertension
Small blood vessels, especially in places like the eyes, can burst from high pressure.
How does the sympathetic nervous system blockers medication, beta-blockers lower blood pressure
Helps lower blood pressure by blocking the effects of stress hormones like adrenaline. These medications stop the body’s ‘fight or flight’ response from raising the heart rate and blood pressure
how does RAAS blocker medication, ACE-inhibitors lower blood pressure
lowers blood pressure by stopping the body from making a chemical (angiotensin ll) that tightens blood vessels. They also help relax blood vessels by increasing another chemical called bradykinin. This makes it easier for blood to flow
how does Loop diuretics medication lower blood pressure
helps the body get rid of excess salt and water through the urine. This lowers the amount of fluid in the blood, which reduces blood volume and lowers blood pressure
how does calcium channel blockers medication lower blood pressure
Lowers blood pressure by helping blood vessels relax and open up. This makes it easier for blood to flow, which lowers the pressure.
arteriosclerosis
when the walls of arteries become thick and hard.
atherosclerosis
A condition where plaque builds up inside the arteries, causing them to harden and narrow
risk factors of atherosclerosis
-family history
-increasing age
-smoking
-hypertension
associated complications with atherosclerosis
-aneurysm
-angina pectoris (chest pain associated with myocardial ischemia)
-myocardial infarction
-peripheral artery disease
LDL
low-density lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to body tissues.
HDL
High density lipoprotein transports cholesterol back to the liver
peripheral artery disease
A condition where narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the arms and legs
signs and symptoms of peripheral artery disease
-changes in skin of lower limb
-pain/cramping in the lower limbs
-leg ulcers
-gangrene
diagnosis of peripheral artery disease
-medical history
-physical examination
-ultrasound doppler
management of peripheral artery disease
-reduce risk factors
-anti-platelet
-anti-coagulation therapy
how do statin medications control cholesterol
It is primarily used to lower cholesterol levels, particularly LDL (bad) cholesterol.
nursing care in administering statins
-assessing for leg pain or difficulty walking
-assess for side effects
-check medication history
-educate the patient
orthostatic hypotension signs & symptoms
-feeling lightheaded/dizziness
-blurred vision
-fainting
-confusion
hypertension signs & symptoms
-headache
-dizziness
-blurred vision
-ringing in the ears
treatment of hypertension
medication
how can constipation in the elderly lead to fainting?
straining on the toilet can stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system
A client has a blood pressure reading of 145/92. The client is asymptomatic. The GP writes for the client to come back in 2 weeks to check the blood pressure again, but during that 2 weeks, the client is likely started on:
A low sodium diet and increased exercise
how does hypertension lead to atherosclerosis
hypertension causes micor-insults into the epithelial lining of the blood vessels. The body’s response to damage is to start inflammation. Atherosclerosis is a form of inflammatory response
metroprolol medication
blocks the sympathetic nervous system; masks hypoglycemia symptoms
captopril medications
blocks ACE from converting angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2, may cause incessant cough
candersartan medication
blocks angiotensin 2 receptors; do not give within 48 hours of an ACE inhibitor
spironolactone medication
blocks aldosterone from causing sodium reabsorption may cause too much potassium in the blood
frusemide medication
diuretic that can cause loss of potassium; check before you give a dose at bedtime
amlodipine medication
blocks vascular muscle from contracting; may cause edema
Simvastatin medication
Blocks the liver from releasing LDL; do not take with grapefruit juice
what is a form cell
a macrophage that has engulfed oxidized LDL cholesterols within the tunica intima
intermittent claudication
cramping or pain felt in the lower limb when moving or exercising
