HUBS LT 1 Flashcards
how does bacteria cause disease
bacteria causes disease by releasing toxins which stops our cells from working properly.
what is one way that viruses cause disease
taking over our cells, viruses enter your cells and use them to make copies of themselves. It kills the host cells and spreads the virus.
how does the immune system and inflammatory respond to infection
when the immune respons becomes too strong or goes wrong. But it can go from being physiological (helpful, normal) to pathological, causing disease
first kind of pathological immune reaction
type 1 hypersensitivity overreaction. sometimes the immune system overreacts to things that aren’t actually dangerous. A special kind of antibody called IgE triggers white blood cells to release histamine, which causes inflammation
second kind of pathological immune reaction
type 2 hypersensitivity - self attack, the immune system makes a mistake and starts attacking your own cells.
third kind of pathological immune reaction
type 3 hypersensitivity - blockage and damage, the immune system does its job but something goes wrong. Antibodies bind to antigen-antibody complexes, these complexes don’t get cleaned up by immune cells. The body reacts with inflammation, this causes damage to the surrounding tissue.
acute inflammation
Short term immediate response by the body’s immune system to tissue injury or infection.
chronic inflammation
long-term state of inflammation, where the body’s immune system remains ina state of alert even after the initial trigger has subsided
difference between acute and chronic inflammation
-duration
-symptoms
-purpose
-outcome
pathological changes associated with chronic inflammation
-tissue damage
-fibrosis
-loss of function
-mutation
ischemia
not enough blood is getting to a tissue, muscle group, or organ, leading to a shortage of oxygen
how does ischemia cause disease
if blood flow is reduced, cells don’t get enough of either. Because of this cells can’t make enough energy, waste product buildup, and cells start malfunctioning and can die
hypoxia
a condition where there’s not enough oxygen at the tissue level to support normal bodily functions
how does hypoxia cause disease
Hinders essential bodily functions. anaerobic respiration leads to the build up of acids. Lactic acid causes change to our cells.
two methods of how the body creates acidosis
- lactic acid - buildup from hypoxia
- ketoacidosis - from lack of glucose
acidosis
A condition where the body fluids have too much acid
the effects of acidosis on the body:
-mild fatigue
-nausea
-confusion
what is the function of antihistamine medications in regards to type 1 hypersensitivity reactions
blocking the effects of histamine, a key mediator of allergic reaction
what is the function of epinephrine medications in regards to type 1 hypersensitivity reactions
It opens the airways and reduces swelling. It helps maintain heart function and blood pressure
sclerosis
the hardening or stiffening of tissue, often due to the replacement of normal tissue with scar tissue or connective tissue
what is the function of corticosteroids medication in relation to inflammation
binds to receptors to reduce inflammation
which of these terms is a type 1 hypersensitivy reaction that causes an entire body immune and inflammatory response?
Anaphylaxis
Which of the following diseases is caused by the immune system attacking our own cells
Type 1 diabetes
which of these substances replaces other tissue when they are remodelled by chronic inflammation?
Collagen
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
carditis
inflammation of the heart
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
necrosis
area of dead cells within a tissue
prednisone
suppresses the immune response
cetirizine
blocks histamine from causing changes in other cells
epinephrine
stimulates effects of the sympathetic nervous system
