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Human Structure - Block 1 > HS1-4 Nervous System > Flashcards

HS1-4 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two distinctive cytoplasmic processes of neurons?

A

dendrite; axon

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2
Q

Define nerve.

A

collection of nerve axons or fibers bound together with connective tissue

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3
Q

Where are nerves generally located?

A

outside of the CNS

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4
Q

Nerves located within the CNS are called

A

fiber tracts

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5
Q

Define plexus.

A

collection of nerves from multiple sources, serving as an area of redistribution

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6
Q

Define ganglion.

A

collection of nerve cell bodies outside CNS

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7
Q

A collection of nerve cell bodies within the CNS is called

A

a nucleus

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8
Q

Define sensory neuron.

A

a neuron that conducts impulses towards (afferent) the CNS

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9
Q

Define motor neuron.

A

a neuron that conducts impulses away (efferent) from the CNS

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10
Q

What is the function of somatic motor neurons?

A

innervates skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Describe the composition of somatic motor neurons.

A

composed of one neuron whose cell body is within the CNS and whose axon contacts multiple fibers

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12
Q

What is the function of visceral (autonomic) motor neurons?

A

conducts motor impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles of glands

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13
Q

What is the composition of visceral (autonomic) motor neurons?

A

composed of two-neuron chain

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14
Q

Describe preganglionic/presynaptic neurons.

A

has its cell body located in CNS

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15
Q

The axon of preganglionic/presynaptic neurons synapses with

A

postganglionic/postsynaptic neurons

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16
Q

Where are postganglionic/postsynaptic neurons located?

A

located in pre/paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic) or in terminal ganglia near target organ (parasympathetic)

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17
Q

Which specific axons actually contact the target organs?

A

postganglionic axons

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18
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

responsible for regulation and control of visceral functions

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19
Q

Is the autonomic nervous system a motor system or sensory system?

A

a motor system

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20
Q

The autonomic nervous system is further divided into what subdivisions?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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21
Q

What are synonyms for the terms “sympathetic” and “parasympathetic?”

A

sympathetic (thoracolumbar) and parasympathetic (craniosacral)

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22
Q

Spinal and cranial nerves belong to which division of the nervous system?

A

PNS

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23
Q

What are the types of motor neurons? (2)

A

general/somatic motor; visceral motor

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24
Q

What is the function of general/somatic motor neurons?

A

contact or innervate skeletal muscle

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25
Q

What is the function of visceral motor neurons?

A

innervate cardiac and smooth muscle

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26
Q

What are the types of sensory neurons? (3)

A

general sensory; visceral sensory; special sensory

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27
Q

What do general sensory neurons innervate? (4)

A

innervate skin, muscles, joints, connective tissue

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28
Q

What is the function of general sensory neurons? (5)

A

convey sensory modalities of pain, thermal sense, touch, pressure, and kinesthesis to spinal cord and brainstem

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29
Q

What is the function of visceral sensory neurons? (2)

A

sends conscious sensations of pain from viscera and sends unconscious visceral reflex sensations from viscera and blood vessels to spinal cord and brainstem

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30
Q

What is the function of special sensory neurons? (5)

A

responsible for smell, vision, hearing, balance, taste

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31
Q

Special sensory neurons are exclusively what type of peripheral nerve?

A

special sensory neurons are exclusively cranial nerves

32
Q

What is synaptic transmission?

A

chemical communication between neurons

33
Q

What is sensory transduction?

A

conversion of mechanical or chemical stimuli to electrical impulses conducted by axon

34
Q

Contrast motor and sensory neurons in terms of the locations of their dendrites and synaptic endings.

A

sensory neurons: dendrites in periphery, synaptic endings in CNS motor neurons: dendrites in CNS, synaptic endings in periphery

35
Q

What are the common phrases used to refer to the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic: fight and flight parasympathetic: rest and digest

36
Q

Describe how innervation of target organs in the autonomic nervous system is accomplished.

A

preganglionic/presynaptic neuron extends fiber/axon out of CNS to make contact w/ neurons in ganglion of PNS; then postganglionic/postsynaptic neuron makes contact with smooth muscle of target organs

37
Q

Give an example of an organ that receives dual innervation from the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Why might such a system be useful?

A

the heart; useful for antagonistic effects and therefore used to balance activity of the two divisions

38
Q

Describe the myelination of ANS neurons.

A

preganglionic neuron is myelinated, but postganglionic cell in PNS is unmyelinated

39
Q

Contrast the somatic and autonomic nervous systems in terms of inhibition.

A

in somatic reflex arcs, inhibition is exerted by one neuron after another and never directly on skeletal muscle in autonomic reflex arcs, postsynaptic neurons can directly inhibit target organ

40
Q

Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division located?

A

located in intermediolateral gray matter of spinal cord, from T1 to L2 (think thoracolumbar)

41
Q

Describe the organization of autonomic outflow in the sympathetic/thoracolumbar division. (3)

A

myelinated axons leave spinal cord via ventral root and white rami communicans to prevertebral ganglia; then postganglionic neuron travels peripherally to target organ; then unmyelinated axon returns to spinal nerves via gray rami communicans

42
Q

What is the neurotransmitter between pre- and post-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division of the ANS?

A

acetylcholine

43
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used by the post-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division of the ANS?

A

norepinephrine (except sweat glands, which receive acetylcholine)

44
Q

Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division located? (2)

A

in brainstem nuclei; in intermediolateral area of spinal cord, from S2 to S4

45
Q

Describe the organization of autonomic outflow in the parasympathetic/craniosacral division.

A

myelinated axons make synaptic contact w/ postganglionic neurons in 4 ganglia in head and with neurons in terminal ganglia near target organ

46
Q

What are the 4 ganglia located in the head that are important in parasympathetic autonomic outflow?

A

ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, otic

47
Q

In general, where are the parasympathetic ganglia located relative to their targets?

A

parasympathetic ganglia are located close to their target tissue

48
Q

Describe the myelination of postganglionic axons in the parasympathetic division.

A

unmyelinated (same in sympathetic)

49
Q

What is the neurotransmitter between pre- and post-ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

acetylcholine (like sympathetic division)

50
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used by the post-ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

acetylcholine (same as the pre-ganglionic neurons)

51
Q

In general, where are the sympathetic ganglia located relative to their targets?

A

not located near target organs, since they are located pre- or para-vertebrally

52
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on salivary glands?

A

decreases saliva

53
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on lacrimal glands?

A

inhibits secretion of tears

54
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on gastric/intestinal glands?

A

inhibits secretion of gastric or digestive juices

55
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the liver? (2)

A

promotes glycogenolysis and decreases secretion of bile

56
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the pancreas?

A

inhibits secretion of pancreatic enzymes

57
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the kidney?

A

constricts vessels, resulting in decreased urine formation

58
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the urinary bladder?

A

promotes urine retention

59
Q

Draw a diagram showing the organization of nerves in the CNS and PNS.

A
60
Q

Draw a diagram showing the divisions of the nervous system.

A
61
Q

Draw a diagram showing the organization of peripheral nerves.

A
62
Q

Contrast the presynaptic fiber length in the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems.

A

parasympathetic - long presynaptic fibers (rest and diget); sympathetic - short presynaptic fibers (fight or flight)

63
Q

Where are the ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system located?

A

paravertebrally (near spinal cord)

64
Q

What are the common terms used to describe the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

A

parasympathetic = rest and digest

sympathetic = fight or flight

65
Q

**Label the following diagram of the spinal cord.

A
66
Q

What is the difference in myelination between white matter and grey matter?

A

white matter = myelinated

grey matter = unmyelinated

67
Q

Why is the spinal column longer than the spinal cord?

A

because the spinal column develops faster than the spinal cord

68
Q

Where on the spinal column does the spinal cord end?

A

L2 @ conus medullaris

69
Q

**Draw a diagram showing how the effects of herniation differ between the cervical and lumbar regions.

A
70
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

the spinal region (inferior to L2) at which the spinal roots continue streaming downwards after the spinal cord ends @ L2 @ conus medullaris

71
Q

What is the common site for lumbar punctures (to extract CSF)?

A

L3-L5 in the subarachnoid space (it’s expanded in the L3-L5 region, where it’s called the lumbar cistern)

72
Q

What is safer for the patient in lumbar punctures — puncturing above or below the desired space?

A

better to puncture below

73
Q

Vertebral arteries in the spinal cord give rise to

A

anterior/posterior spinal arteries

74
Q

What is the function of segmental medullary arteries?

A

to reinforce anterior/posterior spinal arteries

75
Q

What is the function of radicular arteries?

A

to supply spinal roots

Human Structure - Block 1 (14 decks)

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