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Human Structure - Block 1 > HS1-2 Vertebral Column and Back > Flashcards

HS1-2 Vertebral Column and Back Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five groups that make up the vertebral column?

A

cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal

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2
Q

How many of each types of vertebrae are there?

A

cervical (7) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) sacral (5, fused in adult) coccygeal (4, often used)

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3
Q

Label the following structures.

A
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4
Q

Label the following structures.

A
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5
Q

The foramen of the individual vertebrae collectively form

A

the vertebral canal of the vertebral column

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the vertebral arch?

A

protects the spinal cord and provides attachment sites for muscles and ligaments

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7
Q

What is the identifying characteristic of sacral vertebrae?

A

fused to form sacrum

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8
Q

What is the identifying characteristic of coccygeal vertebrae?

A

they are small, because they have no weight-bearing function

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9
Q

What is the identifying characteristic of cervical vertebrae?

A

they have transverse foramens (which contain vertebral arteries)

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10
Q

What is the identifying characteristic of thoracic vertebrae?

A

GIRAFFE — all thoracic vertebrae have costal facets on their vertebral bodies and transverse processes for articulation with ribs; long, downward sloping spinous process

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11
Q

How is the atlas (C1) unique?

A

has no vertebral body or spinous process

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12
Q

How is the axis (C2) unique?

A

modified vertebral body gives rise to dens or odontoid process for articulation with C1 at the median atlanto-axial joint

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13
Q

What anatomical structures allow a person to indicate “no” with a head gesture?

A

C1 (atlas) rotating on C2 (axis)

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14
Q

In adults, the vertebral column has how many curvatures?

A

4

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15
Q

Primary curvature, in adults, is found in what vertebral regions?

A

thoracic and sacral regions

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16
Q

Secondary curvature, in adults, is found in what vertebral region?

A

cervical and lumbar regions

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17
Q

What does the term kyphosis refer to? (2)

A

thoracic and sacral regions concave anteriorly as part of primary curvature

curves maintained throughout lfie

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18
Q

What does the term lordosis refer to?

A

cervical and lumbar regions are concave posteriorly as part of secondary curvature

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19
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

abnormal lateral curve in coronal plane accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae

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20
Q

What is the anatomical basis for a herniated disk?

A

protrusion of nucleus pulposus through anulus fibrosus into intervertebral foramen or vertebral canal, ultimately compressing spinal nerve or cord

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21
Q

What is spondylosis?

A

fracture of intra-articular portion of vertebral arch connecting superior and inferior articular processes

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22
Q

What structure serves as the joint between vertebral bodies?

A

symphyses

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23
Q

What is the function of intervertebral (IV) discs? (2)

A

act as “shock” absorbers and allow some movement in all 3 axes

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24
Q

What are the two components of intervertebral (IV) discs?

A

anulus fibrosus

nucleus pulposus

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25
Q

Define anulus fibrosus.

A

tough, peripheral fibrocartilaginous ring that attaches to outer bone surface of vertebral bodies

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26
Q

Define nucleus pulposus.

A

pliable, inner gelatinous mass responsible for flexibility of IV disc

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27
Q

What happens to the nucleus pulposus with aging?

A

nucleus becomes less hydrated and increasingly fibrous

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28
Q

What structure serves as the joint between vertebral arches?

A

zygapophysial (facet) joints

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29
Q

What are craniovertebral joints?

A

joints specially adapted to allow for large range of head movements

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30
Q

What are the two craniovertebral joints?

A

atlanto-occiptal joint (C1-occipital bone)

atlanto-axial joint (C1-C2)

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31
Q

What joint allows a person to nod “yes?”

A

atlanto-occipital joint

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32
Q

What are the two types of atlanto-axial joints?

A

lateral atlanto-axial joints (between inferior articular facets of C1 and superior articular facets of C2), left and right

median atlanto-axial joint (between anterior tubercle of C1 and dens of C2)

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33
Q

Describe the anterior longitudinal ligament.

A

connects front of adjacent vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs between them

34
Q

Describe the location of the anterior longitudinal ligament.

A

extends from occipital bone of skull to anterior tubercle of C1 vertebra, continuing inferiorly to sacrum

35
Q

What is the only ligament to limit extension of the vertebral column?

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

36
Q

Describe the location and attachments of the posterior longitudinal ligament.

A

runs within vertebral canal, attaching to posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

37
Q

Compare the strength of the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments.

A

anterior is stronger than posterior

38
Q

Describe the location and structure of ligamentum flavum.

A

stretches between laminae of adjacent vertebral arches, forming part of posterior wall of vertebral canal

39
Q

Describe the function of ligamentum flavum. (2)

A

provide resistance to flexion of column

help restore vertebral column to upright position following flexion

40
Q

What are interspinous ligaments?

A

weak ligaments that unite adjaent vertebrae along their spinous processes, attaching from root on vertebral arch to the tip

41
Q

What are supraspinous ligaments?

A

cord-like ligaments that unite tips of spinous processes from C7 to sacrum

42
Q

What is the function of supraspinous ligaments? (2)

A

limit flexion

from a flexed position, help restore vertebral column to upright position

43
Q

What are ligamentum nuchae?

A

broad, thickened extension of supraspinous ligaments found in cervical region

44
Q

Where in the vertebral column are ligamentum nuchae found?

A

extends from external occipital protuberance of skull to C7 vertebra

45
Q

What is a function of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

limit flexion of the neck

46
Q

What is the transverse ligament of the atlas?

A

secures median atlanto-axial joint by forming collar around dens of axis

47
Q

Muscles responsible for controlling movements of the vertebral column fall into what two major functional groups?

A

extensors

flexors

48
Q

Superficial back muscles are innervated by

A

branches from the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves

49
Q

What are the four major superficial back muscles?

A

latissimus dorsi

trapezius

rhomboids (major, minor)

levator scapulae

50
Q

What are the muscles of the intermediate layer of the back?

A

serratus posterior superior

serratus posterior inferior

51
Q

What innervates the intermediate layer of back muscles?

A

innervated by intercostal nerves derived from ventral primary rami

52
Q

What innervates the deep layer of back muscles?

A

innervated by branches from dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves

53
Q

The deep layer of back muscles can be further divided into which muscle groups?

A

splenii (superficial)

erector spinae (intermediate)

transversospinalis (deep)

54
Q

What are the two muscles of the splenii (superficial) layer?

A

splenius cervicis

splenius capitis

55
Q

What is the function of the splenii group of muscles?

A

extend the head

56
Q

Where does the splenius cervicis insert?

A

onto transverse process of cervical vertebra

57
Q

Where does the splenius capitis insert?

A

onto the mastoid process of the skull (i.e. temporal bone)

58
Q

What are the three muscles of the erector spinae (intermediate) layer of back muscles?

A

spinalis

longissimus

iliocostalis

59
Q

What is the function of the erector spinae group of muscles? (3)

A

extension

restoring vertebral column to erect posture

assists in lateral bending of the vertebral column

60
Q

Describe the locations of the erector spinae muscles, going from most lateral to medial.

A

iliocostalis (lateral)

longissimus (middle)

spinalis (medial)

61
Q

Where does the spinalis insert?

A

onto spinous processes

62
Q

Where does the longissimus insert?

A

onto thoracic and cervical transverse processes, reaching mastoid process of skull

63
Q

Where does the iliocostalis insert?

A

onto ribs and transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

64
Q

The transversospinalis, or deep layer of back muscles, can be further divided into how many groups?

A

3

65
Q

The transversospinalis, or deep layer of back muscles, can be further divided into what three groups?

A

semispinalis

multifidus

rotatores

66
Q

What is the function of the transversospinalis group of muscles? (2)

A

responsible for twisting movements of vertebrae and adjustments of one vertebra to another

67
Q

Where does the semispinalis capitis insert?

A

inserts onto occiput of skull

68
Q

Arrange the three muscle groups of the transversospinalis in terms of depth, from most superficial to most deep.

A

semispinalis < multifidus < rotatores

69
Q

What is the identifying characteristic of lumbar vertebrae?

A

looks like a moose — large vertebral body with blunted spinous process + near vertical articular facets

70
Q

What is the “yes” bone?

A

atlas (C1) — allows flexion/extension of the head

71
Q

What is the “no” bone?

A

axis (C2) - median atlantoaxial joint allows head rotation

72
Q

(T/F) There is an intervertebral disc between C1 and C2.

A

False. There is no intervertebral disk between C1 and C2.

73
Q

What secures the median atlantoaxial joint?

A

transverse ligament

74
Q

In what direction is the sacrum/coccyx concave?

A

concave anteriorly

75
Q

What ligament is usually torn in an MVC?

A

anterior longitudinal ligament, which is mainly responsible for limiting extension

76
Q

What is the anatomical basis for an intervertebral disc herniation?

A

anulus fibrosis ruptures and the nucleus pulposis spills out, compressing nerve

77
Q

Describe how spinal curvature changes with aging.

A

newborn spine is entirely kyphotic

cervical + lumbar develop lordosis during growth

thoracic and sacral retain kyphosis

78
Q

What are the muscles of the deep (intrinsic) layer of the back?

A

splenius muscles

erector spinae group

transversospinalis group

suboccipital group

79
Q

Under what conditions is the semispinalis visible?

A

if the trapezius and splenius are reflected

80
Q

What four structures make up the suboccipital triangle?

A

rectus capitis minor

rectus capitis major

inferior oblique

superior oblique

Human Structure - Block 1 (14 decks)

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