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Human Structure - Block 1 > Embryology 1 > Flashcards

Embryology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Ovulation and fertilization occur how many days after the first day of menstruation?

A

14 days

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2
Q

How is a due date calculated?

A

adding 280 days (40 weeks) to the first day of the last menstrual period

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3
Q

What is the difference between postconception age and postmenstrual age?

A

2 weeks

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4
Q

What are the 9 major stages of development?

A

gametogenesis; fertilization; cleavage; gastrulation; neurulation; formation of body plan; organogenesis; prenatal organ maturation; postnatal maturation

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5
Q

Define conceptus.

A

term that refers to all stages of the organism that derive from the zygote

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6
Q

When does cleavage begin?

A

~24 hours after fertilization

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7
Q

What is the major difference between the 16-cell stage and the 32-cell stage?

A

16-cell stage has trophoblast and embryoblast, but 32-cell stage results in formation of blastocytic cavity

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8
Q

Gastrulation occurs in what week?

A

3

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9
Q

What happens in gastrulation?

A

cells that form embryoblast proliferate and change position relative to each other, giving rise to 3 distinct layers: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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10
Q

When are the three axes of the embryo established?

A

by the end of gastrulation

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11
Q

What are the three axes of the embryo?

A

dorsal-ventral; cranial-caudal; medial-lateral

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12
Q

Neurulation occurs in what week?

A

3 and 4

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13
Q

What happens in neurulation?

A

process in which early CNS is developed

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14
Q

Which germ layer is responsible for neurulation?

A

ectoderm — part of it specializes into neuroectoderm, which becomes, neural tube, which becomes brain + spinal cord

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15
Q

What is another term for formation of the body plan?

A

embryonic folding

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16
Q

When does embryonic folding occur?

A

week 4

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17
Q

What happens in embryonic folding?

A

2D embryo folds and becomes cylindrical

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18
Q

Organogenesis occurs in which weeks?

A

4-8

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19
Q

Prenatal organ maturation occurs in which weeks?

A

9-38

20
Q

In what week does the heart start beating?

A

4

21
Q

When are digits defined?

A

week 6

22
Q

The stages of prenatal development are organized into what periods?

A

3 periods — pre-embryonic period; embryonic period; fetal period

23
Q

The pre-embryonic period includes what key events?

A

cleavage (weeks 1-2); implantation (week 2)

24
Q

The embryonic period includes what key events?

A

gastrulation (week 3); neurulation (weeks 3-4); embryonic folding (week 4); organogenesis (weeks 4-8)

25
Q

The fetal period includes what key events?

A

prenatal organ maturation (weeks 9-38)

26
Q

What is a synonym for the cranial pole?

A

rostral pole

27
Q

Describe the degree of potency up until the 16-cell stage.

A

totipotent

28
Q

Describe the degree of potency of the embryoblast.

A

pluripotent - can become any of the 3 germ layers

29
Q

What is the difference between paracrine and juxatacrine signaling?

A

juxtacrine signaling requires direct contact between the two cells in question

30
Q

What is teratology?

A

study of congenital abnormalities and abnormal formations

31
Q

What is the definition of a minor congenital anomaly?

A

benign (don’t affect health or social life) and occur in less than 4% of people

32
Q

Define malformation.

A

morphologic defect of organ or large area of body caused by genetic/intrinsic factors

33
Q

Define disruption.

A

morphologic defect of organ or large area of body caused by external factors (teratogens)

34
Q

What are the 3 types of multiple anomalies?

A

sequence; syndrome; association

35
Q

Define sequence.

A

when single developmental defect results in chain of secondary or tertiary defects

36
Q

Define syndrome

A

recognized and well-characterized constellation of major and minor anomalies due to single underlying cause

37
Q

Define association.

A

group of anomalies that occur frequently together but don’t have a unified underlying etiology

38
Q

Define aneuploidy.

A

deviation from normal number of chromosomes

39
Q

What is the common name for trisomy 21?

A

Down syndrome

40
Q

What is the common name for trisomy 18?

A

Edwards syndrome

41
Q

What is the common name for trisomy 13?

A

Patau syndrome

42
Q

Which of the trisomies is most lethal?

A

Patau syndrome — life expectancy 2-3 days

43
Q

What are the characteristics of 47 XXX? (3)

A

normal in appearance; usually fertile; 1/5 are mildly mentally deficient

44
Q

What are the characteristics of 47 XXY? (4)

A

Klinefelter syndrome — small testes; infertile; mental deficiency; tall with long lower limbs

45
Q

What are the characteristics of 47 XYY? (3)

A

normal in appearance; tall; aggressive

Human Structure - Block 1 (14 decks)

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