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Human Structure - Block 1 > Embryology 3 > Flashcards

Embryology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

In what developmental phase do the 3 germ layers arise?

A

gastrulation

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2
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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3
Q

What is the first event of gastrulation?

A

formation of primitive streak

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4
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

thickened midline of embryonic disc that results from epiblast cell thickening

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5
Q

What is the significance of the primitive streak in terms of axial positioning?

A

the primitive streak defines the caudal end of the embryo

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6
Q

What structure is contained within the primitive streak?

A

primitive groove

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7
Q

Describe how the endoderm is formed.

A

first wave of proliferating epiblast cells invade the hypoblast and eventually replace the hypoblast cells

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8
Q

Describe how the intraembryonic mesoderm is formed.

A

second wave of proliferating epiblast cells invade space between epiblast and newly-formed endoderm

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9
Q

Describe how the ectoderm is formed.

A

epiblast cells that don’t form the endoderm or intraembryonic mesoderm then make up the ectoderm

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10
Q

The ectoderm faces what embryonic structure?

A

as the ectoderm is the dorsal-most layer, it faces the amniotic cavity

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11
Q

When does sacrococcygeal teratoma happen?

A

when the primitive streak doesn’t completely degenerate

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12
Q

What are the features of sacrococcygeal teratoma? (3)

A

germ cell tumor that contains tissues derived from all 3 layers at different stages of differentiation; benign; protrude from anal area

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13
Q

The surface ectoderm gives rise to (6)

A

epidermis of skin/hair/nails; mammary glands; anterior pituitary gland; enamel of teeth; inner ear; lens of eye

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14
Q

The neuroectoderm gives rise to (2)

A

neural crest; neural tube

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15
Q

The neural crest gives rise to (6)

A

dorsal root ganglia; cranial ganglia/nerves; sensory ganglia/nerves; adrenal medulla; melanocytes; some bones of skull

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16
Q

The neural tube gives rise to (4)

A

central nervous system; retina; pineal body; posterior pituitary

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17
Q

The ectoderm gives rise to (2)

A

surface ectoderm; neuroectoderm

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18
Q

The mesoderm gives rise to (4)

A

head; paraxial; intermediate; lateral

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19
Q

The head gives rise to (3)

A

skull; head muscles/connective tissue; dentine of teeth

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20
Q

The paraxial gives rise to (4)

A

trunk/limb muscles; bones of axial skeleton; dermis of skin; connective tissue of body wall

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21
Q

The intermediate gives rise to (3)

A

urinary tract; gonads and gonadal ducts; accessory glands of gonads

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22
Q

The lateral gives rise to (6)

A

cardio system; spleen/lymphatic system; adrenal cortex; pleural/pericardial/peritoneal membranes; muscles/connective tissue of viscera; bones of appendicular skeleton

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23
Q

The endoderm gives rise to (3)

A

epithelium of gut; epithelium of respiratory tract; epithelial parts of glands

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24
Q

The epithelium of the respiratory tract gives rise to (3)

A

epithelia of trachea; bronchi; pulmonary vessels

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25
Q

The epithelium of glands gives rise to (3)

A

epithelia of para/thyroid gland; tonsils; auditory tube

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26
Q

How does the allantois arise?

A

as an outpouching of the yolk sac into the connecting stalk

27
Q

What is the function of the allantois?

A

allows gas exchange and acts as reservoir for urine during embryonic life

28
Q

The blood vessels of the allantois ultimately become

A

umbilical arteries and veins

29
Q

What is the ultimate fate of the allantois?

A

as bladder develops, allantois regresses to become urachus and eventually the median umbilical ligament in adults

30
Q

What structure marks the site of the future mouth?

A

prechordal plate

31
Q

What structure marks the site of the future anus?

A

cloacal membrane

32
Q

Where does the notochordal process start to develop?

A

forms at cranial end of primitive streak

33
Q

How does the notochord form?

A

notochordal process —> notochordal plate —> notochord

34
Q

What is the function of the notochord? (2)

A

provides rigidity to embryo; defines future site of vertebral column

35
Q

How does the notochord further develop?

A

segments of it can form the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs

36
Q

Why is the notochord critical to embryonic development?

A

because once it is formed, it releases signaling factors that induce neurulation

37
Q

How does the neural tube form?

A

invaginations of the neural plate (formed by notochordal process) form neural folds, which fuse together

38
Q

The neural canal develops into (2)

A

cerebral ventricles; spinal canal

39
Q

The openings of the neural tube are called

A

cranial and caudal neuropores

40
Q

Where are neural crest cells located?

A

in a layer between the surface ectoderm and neural tube

41
Q

What is the basis for the onset of neural tube defects?

A

defects occur when the neuropores don’t close

42
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

faire of cranial neuropore to close, which results in abnormal brain/skull development and is not compatible with life

43
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

failure of caudal neuropore to close, which results in defects of the spinal cord and/or vertebral column

44
Q

Where does the mesoderm proliferate following its formation during gastrulation?

A

proliferates on each side of neural plate

45
Q

What are somites?

A

tissue blocks

46
Q

Where do somites begin to form?

A

cranially — formation extends caudally

47
Q

How does the intraembryonic coelom form?

A

when spaces in the lateral mesoderm appear and then coalesce

48
Q

How does the intraembryonic coelom affect the lateral mesoderm?

A

dividies the lateral mesoderm into two layers: parietal/somatic layer + visceral/splanchnic layer

49
Q

What are the two layers of the lateral mesoderm and where do they attach?

A

parietal/somatic layer (attaches to ectoderm) + visceral/splanchnic layer (attaches to endoderm)

50
Q

What is the ultimate fate of the intraembryonic coelom?

A

coalesces with the extraembryonic coelom but eventually develops into the cavities of the body (pleural, pericardial, abdominal)

51
Q

Where is the intermediate mesoderm located?

A

between paraxial and lateral mesoderm

52
Q

What is the ultimate fate of the intermediate mesoderm?

A

tissue will eventually develop into the urogenital tract

53
Q

In embryonic folding, what folds initially develop?

A

3 — cranial fold, caudal fold, lateral body fold

54
Q

Describe the steps of the head fold.

A

rapid growth of neural folds brings oropharyngeal membrane (+ structures cranial to it) ventrally, causing them to lie ventral and caudal to the cranial neural folds

55
Q

Describe the steps of the tail fold.

A

rapid growth of caudal end of neural folds causes tail fold, which brings cloacal membrane ventral to the caudal ends of primitive streak and neural folds

56
Q

Describe how the allantois changes position during the tail fold.

A

allantois, initially caudal to cloacal membrane, is brought ventrally by tail fold into position cranial to cloacal membrane

57
Q

Why are the lateral folds important?

A

they define the body walls

58
Q

The result of the lateral folds is often called

A

“a tube in a tube”

59
Q

How is the abdominal cavity formed?

A

formed during lateral fold, when the intraembryonic coelom is pinched off

60
Q

How is the gut tube formed?

A

formed during lateral fold, when the yolk sac is pinched off

61
Q

The lateral fold causes what change to the amniotic cavity with respect to the entire embryo?

A

causes the amniotic cavity to surround the entire embryo

62
Q

All lateral folds meet at what area?

A

meet at the umbilicus, which is the ventral midline of the embryo

63
Q

After lateral folding is completed, what structures become incorporated into the umbilical cord? (3)

A

remnants of yolk sac; connecting stalk; allantois

Human Structure - Block 1 (14 decks)

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