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Human Structure - Block 1 > HS1-10 Arm Elbow Forearm > Flashcards

HS1-10 Arm Elbow Forearm Flashcards

1
Q

Why are humans stronger pullers than pushers?

A

because the muscles of the anterior compartment are stronger than the triceps brachii in the posterior compartment

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2
Q

Broadly speaking, the anterior compartment of the arm is occupied by what muscles?

A

flexor muscles

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3
Q

Broadly speaking, the posterior compartment of the arm is occupied by what muscles?

A

extensor muscles

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4
Q

Broadly speaking, the musculocutaneous nerve passes through which side of the arm?

A

anterior (flexor) side

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5
Q

Broadly speaking, the radial nerve passes through which side of the arm?

A

posterior (extensor) side

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6
Q

The muscles of the arm act on what three joints?

A

glenohumeral joint; elbow; radio-ulnar joint

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7
Q

The biceps brachii acts on what joint(s)?

A

glenohumeral joint; elbow; radio-ulnar joint

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8
Q

The coracobrachialis acts on what joint(s)?

A

only the glenohumeral joint

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9
Q

The brachialis acts on what joint(s)?

A

only the elbow joint

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10
Q

The biceps brachii is innervated by

A

the musculocutaneous nerve

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11
Q

The coracobrachialis is innervated by

A

the musculocutaneous nerve

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12
Q

The brachialis is innervated by

A

the musculocutaneous nerve

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13
Q

What is the origin of the coracobrachialis?

A

coracoid process

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14
Q

What is the insertion point of the coracobrachialis?

A

inserts on humerus at mid-shaft medial surface

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15
Q

(T/F) The biceps brachii attaches to the humerus.

A

False. It does not have any attachments to the humerus.

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16
Q

What is the function of the bicepital aponeurosis?

A

lessens strain on biceps tendon

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17
Q

What muscle is considered the main flexor of the forearm?

A

brachialis, as it is the largest and most powerful of the forearm flexors

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18
Q

What is the origin of the brachialis?

A

distal half of anterior surface of humerus

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19
Q

What are the three muscles of the anterior (flexor) compartment?

A

biceps brachii; coracobrachialis; brachialis

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20
Q

What are the two muscles of the posterior (extensor) compartment?

A

triceps brachii; anconeus

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21
Q

What are the three heads of the triceps brachii?

A

lateral head; medial head; long head

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22
Q

What are the four primary nerves that innervate the arm?

A

musculocutaneous; median; ulnar; radial

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23
Q

Which arm nerves are most susceptible to injury?

A

the radial and ulnar nerves because of their close association with the humerus; also the axillary nerve because it is associated with the anatomical neck of the humerus

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24
Q

Which arm nerves are responsible for cutaneous innervation?

A

medial brachial cutaneous nerve; intercostobrachial nerves; branches of the radial nerve (posteriorly)

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25
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of a radial nerve injury due to a midshaft humerus fracture?

A

wrist drop or inability to extend wrist and finger joints

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26
Q

Cubital tunnel syndrome results from

A

compression of the ulnar nerve in cubital tunnel behind medial epicondyle

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27
Q

What are the symptoms of cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

numbness and tingling in the 4th/5th fingers (innervated by ulnar nerve)

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28
Q

What structures comprise the cubital tunnel?

A

medial epicondyle; ulnar collateral ligament; two heads of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

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29
Q

At what point does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

at the inferior border of the teres major

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30
Q

What is the first major branch (superiorly) to come off the brachial artery?

A

profunda brachii artery

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31
Q

Where does the brachial artery divide into the radial artery and ulnar artery?

A

at the cubital fossa

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32
Q

The radial artery originates from

A

the brachial artery

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33
Q

The ulnar artery originates from

A

the brachial artery

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34
Q

Describe the collateral circulation system of the elbow joint.

A

superior ulnar collateral artery + posterior ulnar recurrent artery; inferior ulnary collateral artery + anterior ulnar recurrent artery; profunda brachii artery + the rest (i.e. radial collateral and radial recurrent)

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35
Q

What are the superficial veins of the arm?

A

cephalic, basilic, and median cubital (which connects the cephalic and basilic)

36
Q

What are the deep veins of the arm?

A

brachial and profunda brachii veins

37
Q

What vein is commonly used to sample blood?

A

median cubital vein

38
Q

**Label the following diagram of the humerus.

A
39
Q

**Label the following diagram of the radius and ulna.

A
40
Q

What forms the roof of the cubital fossa?

A

brachial fascia; antebrachial fascia; bicipital aponeurosis

41
Q

What forms the floor of the cubital fossa?

A

brachialis and supinator muscles

42
Q

What are the contents of the cubital fossa?

A

biceps tendon, brachial artery, median nerve (TAN - tendon, artery, nerve) [from lateral to medial]

43
Q

The medial epicondyle generally attaches to

A

forearm flexors

44
Q

The lateral epicondyle generally attaches to

A

forearm extensors

45
Q

The olecranon of the ulna is the insertion point for which muscle?

A

triceps brachii

46
Q

The coronoid process of the ulna is the insertion point for which muscle?

A

brachialis

47
Q

The radial tuberosity of the radius is the insertion point for which muscle?

A

biceps brachii

48
Q

**Label the following diagram of elbow ligaments.

A
49
Q

Which ligament is commonly torn by baseball players? What is the surgical solution?

A

ulnar collateral ligament — the palmaris longus tendon is often used to surgically replace the ligament

50
Q

Which extensor is actually a weak flexor of the forearm?

A

extensor carpi radialis longus

51
Q

What are the components of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

flexors and pronators of the forearm

52
Q

What innervates the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

median nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the forearm, with the exception of the flexor carpi ulnaris and the ulnar two heads of the flexor digitorum profundus

53
Q

What are the components of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

extensors and the one supinator of the forearm

54
Q

What innervates the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

radial nerve

55
Q

What muscles makeup the superficial anterior compartment of the forearm? List the muscles, along with their sources of innervation.

A

pronator teres (median nerve); flexor carpi radialis (median nerve); palmaris longus (sometimes absent, median nerve); flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve); flexor digitorum superficialis (median nerve)

56
Q

What muscles makeup the deep anterior compartment of the forearm? List the muscles, along with their sources of innervation.

A

flexor digitorum profundus (median, anterior interosseous, and ulnar nerves); flexor pollicis longus (median and anterior interosseous nerves); pronator quadratus (median and anterior interosseous nerves)

57
Q

What muscles makeup the superficial posterior compartment of the forearm? List the muscles, along with their sources of innervation.

A

brachioradialis (radial nerve); extensor carpi radialis longus (radial nerve); extensor carpi radialis brevis (deep branch of radial nerve); extensor digitorum (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve); extensor digiti minimi (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve); extensor carpi ulnaris (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve)

58
Q

What muscles makeup the deep posterior compartment of the forearm? List the muscles, along with their sources of innervation.

A

supinator (deep branch of radial nerve); extensor indicis (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve); abductor pollicis longus (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve); extensor pollicis longus (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve); extensor pollicis brevis (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve)

59
Q

Describe the relative sizes of the radius and ulna at the elbow and wrist joints.

A

@ elbow = ulna larger, radius smaller; @ wrist = ulna smaller, radius larger

60
Q

Which is longer, the radius or ulna?

A

ulna

61
Q

How does the ulnar artery branch?

A

ulnar artery > common interosseous artery > anterior + posterior interosseous branches

62
Q

The anterior interosseous branch of the ulnar artery supplies

A

deep muscles of the anterior compartment

63
Q

Where is the anterior interosseous branch of the ulnar artery located?

A

between the flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus

64
Q

The posterior interosseous branch of the ulnar artery supplies

A

superficial and deep muscles of the posterior compartment

65
Q

The radial artery supplies

A

muscles in both the flexor and extensor compartments

66
Q

What is the venous drainage of the forearm?

A

deep venous palmar arch (which becomes radial and ulnar veins)

67
Q

The median antebrachial vein of the forearm arises from

A

the superficial venous palmar arch

68
Q

What are the three primary sources of cutaneous innervation to the forearm?

A

lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm (from musculocutaneous nerve); medial cutaneous nerve of forearm (from median nerve); posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm (from radial nerve)

69
Q

The lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm innervates

A

lateral forearm

70
Q

The medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm innervates

A

medial forearm

71
Q

The posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm innervates

A

posterior forearm

72
Q

**Label the following diagram of cutaneous innervation to the forearm.

A

cutaneous innervation of forearm

73
Q

**Label the following diagram of pronators.

A

pronators

74
Q

What is the significance of the anular ligament in the elbow?

A

wraps around radius and keeps it in place with ulna

75
Q

What is the main supinator muscle?

A

biceps brachii

76
Q

What muscles are associated with pronation of the forearm?

A

pronator teres; pronator quadratus

77
Q

What muscles are associated with supination of the forearm?

A

biceps brachii; supinator

78
Q

What kind of joint connects the ulna to the humerus?

A

pivot-type

79
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the superficial flexors of the forearm?

A

pass/fail/pass/fail - pronator teres/flexor carpi radialis/palmaris longus/flexor carpi ulnaris [from lateral to medial]

80
Q

What are the superficial flexors of the forearm?

A

pronator teres/flexor carpi radialis/palmaris longus/flexor carpi ulnaris [from lateral to medial]

81
Q

What are the intermediate flexors of the forearm?

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

82
Q

What are the deep flexors of the forearm?

A

flexor pollicis longus; flexor digitorum profundus

83
Q

What does the mnemonic “4-1=3” refer to?

A

Four (PFPF) - flexor digitorum superficialis = three deep muscles (flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus)

84
Q

What are the superficial extensors of the forearm?

A

flexor carpi ulnaris; extensor carpi ulnaris; extensor digiti minimi; extensor carpi radialis longus; extensor digitorum; extensor carpi radialis brevis

85
Q

What are the deep extensors of the forearm?

A

extensor pollicis longus; extensor indicis; abductor pollicis longus; extensor pollicis brevis

Human Structure - Block 1 (14 decks)

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