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Human Structure - Block 1 > HS1-10 Arm Elbow Forearm > Flashcards

HS1-10 Arm Elbow Forearm Flashcards

1
Q

Why are humans stronger pullers than pushers?

A

because the muscles of the anterior compartment are stronger than the triceps brachii in the posterior compartment

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2
Q

Broadly speaking, the anterior compartment of the arm is occupied by what muscles?

A

flexor muscles

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3
Q

Broadly speaking, the posterior compartment of the arm is occupied by what muscles?

A

extensor muscles

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4
Q

Broadly speaking, the musculocutaneous nerve passes through which side of the arm?

A

anterior (flexor) side

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5
Q

Broadly speaking, the radial nerve passes through which side of the arm?

A

posterior (extensor) side

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6
Q

The muscles of the arm act on what three joints?

A

glenohumeral joint; elbow; radio-ulnar joint

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7
Q

The biceps brachii acts on what joint(s)?

A

glenohumeral joint; elbow; radio-ulnar joint

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8
Q

The coracobrachialis acts on what joint(s)?

A

only the glenohumeral joint

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9
Q

The brachialis acts on what joint(s)?

A

only the elbow joint

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10
Q

The biceps brachii is innervated by

A

the musculocutaneous nerve

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11
Q

The coracobrachialis is innervated by

A

the musculocutaneous nerve

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12
Q

The brachialis is innervated by

A

the musculocutaneous nerve

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13
Q

What is the origin of the coracobrachialis?

A

coracoid process

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14
Q

What is the insertion point of the coracobrachialis?

A

inserts on humerus at mid-shaft medial surface

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15
Q

(T/F) The biceps brachii attaches to the humerus.

A

False. It does not have any attachments to the humerus.

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16
Q

What is the function of the bicepital aponeurosis?

A

lessens strain on biceps tendon

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17
Q

What muscle is considered the main flexor of the forearm?

A

brachialis, as it is the largest and most powerful of the forearm flexors

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18
Q

What is the origin of the brachialis?

A

distal half of anterior surface of humerus

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19
Q

What are the three muscles of the anterior (flexor) compartment?

A

biceps brachii; coracobrachialis; brachialis

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20
Q

What are the two muscles of the posterior (extensor) compartment?

A

triceps brachii; anconeus

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21
Q

What are the three heads of the triceps brachii?

A

lateral head; medial head; long head

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22
Q

What are the four primary nerves that innervate the arm?

A

musculocutaneous; median; ulnar; radial

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23
Q

Which arm nerves are most susceptible to injury?

A

the radial and ulnar nerves because of their close association with the humerus; also the axillary nerve because it is associated with the anatomical neck of the humerus

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24
Q

Which arm nerves are responsible for cutaneous innervation?

A

medial brachial cutaneous nerve; intercostobrachial nerves; branches of the radial nerve (posteriorly)

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25
What are the clinical manifestations of a radial nerve injury due to a midshaft humerus fracture?
wrist drop or inability to extend wrist and finger joints
26
Cubital tunnel syndrome results from
compression of the ulnar nerve in cubital tunnel behind medial epicondyle
27
What are the symptoms of cubital tunnel syndrome?
numbness and tingling in the 4th/5th fingers (innervated by ulnar nerve)
28
What structures comprise the cubital tunnel?
medial epicondyle; ulnar collateral ligament; two heads of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
29
At what point does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
at the inferior border of the teres major
30
What is the first major branch (superiorly) to come off the brachial artery?
profunda brachii artery
31
Where does the brachial artery divide into the radial artery and ulnar artery?
at the cubital fossa
32
The radial artery originates from
the brachial artery
33
The ulnar artery originates from
the brachial artery
34
Describe the collateral circulation system of the elbow joint.
superior ulnar collateral artery + posterior ulnar recurrent artery; inferior ulnary collateral artery + anterior ulnar recurrent artery; profunda brachii artery + the rest (i.e. radial collateral and radial recurrent)
35
What are the superficial veins of the arm?
cephalic, basilic, and median cubital (which connects the cephalic and basilic)
36
What are the deep veins of the arm?
brachial and profunda brachii veins
37
What vein is commonly used to sample blood?
median cubital vein
38
\*\*Label the following diagram of the humerus.
39
\*\*Label the following diagram of the radius and ulna.
40
What forms the roof of the cubital fossa?
brachial fascia; antebrachial fascia; bicipital aponeurosis
41
What forms the floor of the cubital fossa?
brachialis and supinator muscles
42
What are the contents of the cubital fossa?
biceps tendon, brachial artery, median nerve (TAN - tendon, artery, nerve) [from lateral to medial]
43
The medial epicondyle generally attaches to
forearm flexors
44
The lateral epicondyle generally attaches to
forearm extensors
45
The olecranon of the ulna is the insertion point for which muscle?
triceps brachii
46
The coronoid process of the ulna is the insertion point for which muscle?
brachialis
47
The radial tuberosity of the radius is the insertion point for which muscle?
biceps brachii
48
\*\*Label the following diagram of elbow ligaments.
49
Which ligament is commonly torn by baseball players? What is the surgical solution?
ulnar collateral ligament — the palmaris longus tendon is often used to surgically replace the ligament
50
Which extensor is actually a weak flexor of the forearm?
extensor carpi radialis longus
51
What are the components of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
flexors and pronators of the forearm
52
What innervates the anterior compartment of the forearm?
median nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the forearm, with the exception of the flexor carpi ulnaris and the ulnar two heads of the flexor digitorum profundus
53
What are the components of the posterior compartment of the forearm?
extensors and the one supinator of the forearm
54
What innervates the posterior compartment of the forearm?
radial nerve
55
What muscles makeup the superficial anterior compartment of the forearm? List the muscles, along with their sources of innervation.
pronator teres (median nerve); flexor carpi radialis (median nerve); palmaris longus (sometimes absent, median nerve); flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve); flexor digitorum superficialis (median nerve)
56
What muscles makeup the deep anterior compartment of the forearm? List the muscles, along with their sources of innervation.
flexor digitorum profundus (median, anterior interosseous, and ulnar nerves); flexor pollicis longus (median and anterior interosseous nerves); pronator quadratus (median and anterior interosseous nerves)
57
What muscles makeup the superficial posterior compartment of the forearm? List the muscles, along with their sources of innervation.
brachioradialis (radial nerve); extensor carpi radialis longus (radial nerve); extensor carpi radialis brevis (deep branch of radial nerve); extensor digitorum (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve); extensor digiti minimi (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve); extensor carpi ulnaris (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve)
58
What muscles makeup the deep posterior compartment of the forearm? List the muscles, along with their sources of innervation.
supinator (deep branch of radial nerve); extensor indicis (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve); abductor pollicis longus (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve); extensor pollicis longus (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve); extensor pollicis brevis (posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve)
59
Describe the relative sizes of the radius and ulna at the elbow and wrist joints.
@ elbow = ulna larger, radius smaller; @ wrist = ulna smaller, radius larger
60
Which is longer, the radius or ulna?
ulna
61
How does the ulnar artery branch?
ulnar artery \> common interosseous artery \> anterior + posterior interosseous branches
62
The anterior interosseous branch of the ulnar artery supplies
deep muscles of the anterior compartment
63
Where is the anterior interosseous branch of the ulnar artery located?
between the flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus
64
The posterior interosseous branch of the ulnar artery supplies
superficial and deep muscles of the posterior compartment
65
The radial artery supplies
muscles in both the flexor and extensor compartments
66
What is the venous drainage of the forearm?
deep venous palmar arch (which becomes radial and ulnar veins)
67
The median antebrachial vein of the forearm arises from
the superficial venous palmar arch
68
What are the three primary sources of cutaneous innervation to the forearm?
lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm (from musculocutaneous nerve); medial cutaneous nerve of forearm (from median nerve); posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm (from radial nerve)
69
The lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm innervates
lateral forearm
70
The medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm innervates
medial forearm
71
The posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm innervates
posterior forearm
72
\*\*Label the following diagram of cutaneous innervation to the forearm.
cutaneous innervation of forearm
73
\*\*Label the following diagram of pronators.
pronators
74
What is the significance of the anular ligament in the elbow?
wraps around radius and keeps it in place with ulna
75
What is the main supinator muscle?
biceps brachii
76
What muscles are associated with pronation of the forearm?
pronator teres; pronator quadratus
77
What muscles are associated with supination of the forearm?
biceps brachii; supinator
78
What kind of joint connects the ulna to the humerus?
pivot-type
79
What is the mnemonic to remember the superficial flexors of the forearm?
pass/fail/pass/fail - pronator teres/flexor carpi radialis/palmaris longus/flexor carpi ulnaris [from lateral to medial]
80
What are the superficial flexors of the forearm?
pronator teres/flexor carpi radialis/palmaris longus/flexor carpi ulnaris [from lateral to medial]
81
What are the intermediate flexors of the forearm?
flexor digitorum superficialis
82
What are the deep flexors of the forearm?
flexor pollicis longus; flexor digitorum profundus
83
What does the mnemonic "4-1=3" refer to?
Four (PFPF) - flexor digitorum superficialis = three deep muscles (flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus)
84
What are the superficial extensors of the forearm?
flexor carpi ulnaris; extensor carpi ulnaris; extensor digiti minimi; extensor carpi radialis longus; extensor digitorum; extensor carpi radialis brevis
85
What are the deep extensors of the forearm?
extensor pollicis longus; extensor indicis; abductor pollicis longus; extensor pollicis brevis

Human Structure - Block 1 (14 decks)

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