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Human Structure - Block 1 > HS1-3 Introduction to Radiology > Flashcards

HS1-3 Introduction to Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

How are X-rays obtained?

A

obtained using ionizing radiation passed through patient to expose a specialized detector

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2
Q

What is the more technical term for “x-rays?”

A

plain film radiography

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3
Q

What are the advantages of plain film radiography?

A

widely available
inexpensive
low radiation
excellent visualization of radiolucent/radiodense structures

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4
Q

What are the disadvantages of plain film radiography?

A

limited anatomic detail of soft tissues and fluid

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5
Q

How do radiodense structures appear on radiographs?

A

white

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6
Q

Give three examples of radiodense structures.

A

metal
calcium
bone

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7
Q

How do radiolucent structures appear on radiographs?

A

black

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8
Q

Rank the five most common tissues/structures visualized in plain film radiography in terms of appearance.

A

air (black), fat (dark gray), soft tissue/organs/fluid (light gray), calcium (white), metal/contrast (super white)

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9
Q

What are contrast agents?

A

radiodense suspesions (of iodine or barium) which are injected/instilled into the body during imaging to better visualize anatomic structures

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10
Q

How does contrast appear in radiography?

A

white

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11
Q

How is contrast administered? (2)

A

injected in vascular structures (intravenously or intra-arterially) OR orally

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12
Q

How is injected intravascular contrast metabolized by the body?

A

filtered and excreted by the kidneys, which in turn allows for excellent visualization of the GI tract

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13
Q

What does “CT” stand for?

A

computerized tomography

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14
Q

How are CT scans obtained?

A

obtained using thin beam of ionizing radiation passed through patient to expose large bank of computerized detectors generating sequential cross-sectional tomograms

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15
Q

In terms of patient position, how are CT scans obtained?

A

patient is supine such that scans are obtained in the axial plane

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16
Q

What are the advantages of CT? (3)

A

fine anatomic detail of tissues
display in variable anatomic planes
eliminates superimposition of anatomic structures

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17
Q

What are the disadvantages of CT? (4)

A

high radiation
must transport patient to scanner
expensive
contrast might be needed

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18
Q

What is the density characterization by CT?

A 
air (black)
fat (dark gray)
fluid (medium gray)
soft tissues (light gray)
bone (white)
metal/contrast (super white)
19
Q

How are ultrasounds obtained? (2)

A

by passing ultrasonic sound waves through the body; different tissues in the body absorb and reflect the sound waves differently

20
Q

What are the advantages of ultrasound? (5)

A 
no radiation
safe
inexpensive
can image in any plane
exquisite detection of fluid
21
Q

What are the disadvantages of ultrasound? (3)

A

user dependent
cannot penetrate bone
cannot penetrate air

22
Q

How does fluid appear on an ultrasound?

A

appears black

23
Q

How does soft tissue appear on an ultrasound?

A

appears medium gray

24
Q

How are MRIs obtained? (2)

A

using strong magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses to energize H+ ions in the body; energy released by H+ ions is used by computer to generate images

25
Q

What are advantages of MRI? (3)

A

no radiation
relatively safe
exquisite tissue detail, especially soft tissue

26
Q

What are two contraindications for MRI?

A

pacemakers

some implanted metallic devices

27
Q

What are two disadvantages of MRI?

A

claustrophobia

expensive

28
Q

What do the terms T1 and T2, in the context of MRI, refer to?

A

variable radiofrequency pulses used to create different appearing signals from the tissues

29
Q

How does fluid appear in T1 weighted images?

A

fluid is DARK

30
Q

How does fluid appear in T2 weighted images?

A

fluid is WHITE

31
Q

What is nuclear medicine/imaging?

A

targeted imaging by injecting radiolabelled drugs which are attracted to specific organs or tissues of interest

32
Q

In nuclear imaging, once a radiolabelled drug is uptaken by the target, what happens?

A

once uptaken by target organ, gamma radiation is emitted when is then imaged by a gamma camera

33
Q

What does SPECT stand for?

A

single photon emission computed tomography

34
Q

What is SPECT?

A

a method in which gamma cameras, measuring emitted gamma radiation, can be used to create multiple tomograms in different planes — similar to CT, except gamma radiation is used instead of x-rays

35
Q

What does PET stand for?

A

positron emission tomography

36
Q

What is PET?

A

a variant of nuclear imaging in which positron-emitting agents and positron-detecting cameras are used instead of gamma radiation/cameras

37
Q

What is an advantage of nuclear medicine?

A

evaluates function as well as structure

38
Q

What are two disadvantages of nuclear medicine?

A

less anatomic detail

moderate radiation dose

39
Q

How are angiograms obtained?

A

by rapidly injecting contrast agent into artery and taking rapid series of radiographs to allow for visualization of the arterial system

40
Q

What are the advantages of angiography? (2)

A

allows excellent visualization of arterial system

helps to guide arterial interventions/therapies

41
Q

What are four disadvantages of angiography?

A

invasive
expensive
high radiation dose
contrast may be needed

42
Q

(T/F) Contrast is exclusively used in CT.

A

False, it is also used in angiography.

43
Q

Rank the radiographic imaging methods in terms of radiation dose, from least to highest.

A

ultrasound/MRI < radiography < nuclear medicine < CT < angiography

44
Q

Rank the radiographic imaging methods in terms of cost, from least to highest.

A

radiography < ultrasound < CT/nuclear medicine < MRI/angiography

Human Structure - Block 1 (14 decks)

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