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Human Structure - Block 1 > HS1-11 Wrist Hand > Flashcards

HS1-11 Wrist Hand Flashcards

1
Q

The radiocarpal joint allows what movements?

A

flexion; extension; abduction; adduction

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2
Q

What kind of joint is the radiocarpal joint?

A

condyloid (ellipsoid-type) joint

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3
Q

**Label the following diagram of the anterior forearm/wrist.

A

anterior forearm/wrist

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4
Q

**Label the following diagram of the posterior forearm/wrist.

A

posterior forearm/wrist

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5
Q

**Label the following diagram of superficial wrist structures.

A

superficial wrist structures

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6
Q

Which structures pass through the carpal tunnel/flexor retinaculum?

A

flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus

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7
Q

Contrast the flexor retinaculum and the extensor retinaculum.

A

extensor retinaculum is thinner, broader, and longer than flexor retinaculum

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8
Q

Which structure is most medial in all of the wrist?

A

flexor carpi ulnaris

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9
Q

Which structures form the outline of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

abductor pollicis longus; extensor pollicis longus; extensor pollicis brevis

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10
Q

Which vascular structure passes through the anatomical snuff box?

A

radial artery

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11
Q

What general groups of muscles are found in the three layers of the hand?

A

deepest layer - interosseous muscles; middle layer - long flexor tendons and lumbrical muscles; superficial layer - palmar aponeurosis

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12
Q

The flexor retinaculum is attached to what bones of the hand?

A

scaphoid and trapezium

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13
Q

Differentiate between the median and ulnar nerve in the context of the flexor retinaculum.

A

median nerve passes THROUGH flexor retinaculum, but ulnar nerve passes superficial to flexor retinaculum

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14
Q

What systems support the palmar concavity of the hand?

A

two transverse and one longitudinal arch systems (3 total)

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15
Q

The proximal transverse arch of the hand is formed by

A

distal row of carpal bones

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16
Q

Describe the properties of the proximal transverse arch.

A

static and rigid; forms carpal tunnel along with flexor retinaculum

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17
Q

What is the keystone structure of the proximal transverse arch of the hand?

A

capitate bone

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18
Q

The distal transverse arch of the hand is formed by

A

MP joints

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19
Q

Describe the properties of the distal transverse arch.

A

concavity of the distal transverse arch, unlike proximal transverse arch, can change

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20
Q

What is the keystone structure of the distal transverse arch of the hand?

A

second and third carpometacarpal joints

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21
Q

The longitudinal transverse arch is formed by

A

metacarpals and phalanges of 2nd and 3rd digits

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22
Q

What is the keystone structure of the longitudinal transverse arch?

A

metacarpophalangeal joints of the 2nd and 3rd digits

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23
Q

The first metacarpal joint of the hand can undergo what kinds of motion?

A

abduction, adduction, flexion, extension

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24
Q

What kind of joint is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb?

A

saddle-shaped joint

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25
What kind of joints are the metacarpophalangeal joints?
condylar biaxial joints (knuckle joints)
26
What kind of joints are the proximal interphalangeal joints?
uniaxial hinge joints
27
What kind of joints are the distal interphalangeal joints?
uniaxial hinge joints
28
What are the 4 thenar muscles?
abductor pollicis brevis; opponens pollicis; flexor pollicis brevis; adductor pollicis
29
\*\*Label the following diagram of deep-layer hand muscles.
30
What are the 4 hypothenar muscles?
palmaris brevis; abductor digiti minimi; flexor digiti minimi brevis; opponens digiti minimi
31
Where, in terms of depth, are the lumbrical muscles of the hand found?
found in an intermediate layer between the palmar aponeurosis and deepest layer containing interosseous muscles
32
Where are the interossei of the hand found?
deepest layer and fill spaces between metacarpals
33
The intrinsic muscles of the hand are primarily innervated by what nerve?
by the ulnar nerve, with the exception of the LOAF muscles
34
What nerve innervates the LOAF muscles?
(recurrent + digital) branches of the median nerve
35
What are the LOAF muscles?
lateral two lumbricals; opponens pollicis; abductor pollicis brevis; flexor pollicis brevis
36
What specific nerve innervates the three thenar muscles that comprise part of the LOAF muscles?
recurrent branch of the median nerve
37
What specific nerve innervates the two lateral lumbrical muscles that comprise part of the LOAF muscles?
digital branch of the median nerve
38
Which muscles are responsible for flexion of the fingers?
flexor digitorum profundus (primarily DIP but also PIP and MP); flexor digitorum sperficialis (primarily PIP but also MP); lumbricals (flex MP); palmar/dorsal interossei (flex MP)
39
What is the extensor expansion (a.k.a. extensor hood)?
aponeurosis on dorsal side of digits formed by tendons of extensor digitorum, interossei, and lumbricals
40
Which two muscles groups are responsible for extension of the fingers?
long extensor group; short muscle group
41
The long extensor group is responsible for extension at what hand joints?
produce extension at MP, PIP and DIP joints
42
Which muscles make up the long extensor group of the hand?
extensor digitorum; extensor indicis; extensor digitorum minimi
43
Which muscle extends the 5th digit?
extensor digitorum minimi
44
The short muscle group is responsible for extension at what hand joints?
PIP and DIP joints
45
Which muscles make up the short muscle group of the hand?
lumbricals; palmar/dorsal interossei
46
Abduction and adduction of the digits take place at what joint?
MP joints
47
Which muscles are associated with abduction of the digits?
dorsal interossei; abductor digiti minimi (DAB)
48
Which muscles are associated with adduction of the digits?
palmar interossei; adductor pollicis (PAD)
49
Which muscles are responsible for flexion of the 5th digit?
flexor digiti minimi brevis; abductor digiti minimi (acting at MP joint)
50
Which muscles are responsible for opposition of the 5th digit?
opponens digiti minimi
51
Distinguish between the superficial and deep palmar arches in terms of contributions from the radial and ulnar arteries.
superficial arch is mainly formed by ulnar artery; deep arch is mainly formed by radial artery
52
How does the median nerve enter the hand?
through the carpal tunnel
53
Describe how the median nerve branches after crossing the carpal tunnel.
branches into recurrent branch (supplying thenar eminence) and common palmar digital nerves (digits 1-4)
54
How does the ulnar nerve enter the hand?
lateral side of pisiform bone, along with ulnar artery
55
Describe how the ulnar nerve branches in the hand.
branches while in ulnar canal, forming superficial branch (cutaneous to medial 1.5 fingers) and deep branch (motor function to hypothenar, interossei, medial 2 lumbricals, and adductor pollicis)
56
Describe the cutaneous innervation of the hand supplied by the median nerve.
palm + first 3.5 fingers, along with fingertips of these fingers on dorsal side
57
Describe the cutaneous innervation of the hand supplied by the ulnar nerve.
palm + [digit 4 + half of digit 5 (palmar + dorsal side)]
58
Describe the cutaneous innervation of the hand supplied by the radial nerve.
dorsum of hand for the first 3.5 fingers except for their fingertips
59
\*\*Label the following diagram showing cutaneous innervation of the hand.
60
What are the clinical presentations (relating to the hand) of a radial nerve injury resulting from a midshaft/spiral fracture?
wrist drop (inability to extend the wrist) because of paralysis of the extensor muscles of the forearm
61
What is the characteristic feature of an ulnar nerve lesion?
"claw hand" posture, because of hyperextension of the MP joints resulting from loss of the interossei to oppose the extension
62
What are the four most common sites of ulnar nerve lesions?
posterior to medial epicondyle of humerus; within cubital tunnel; anterior crossing of ulnar nerve @ wrist; in ulnar canal
63
How does one test for palmar interossei (ulnar nerve) function?
subject asked to hold sheet/bill between fingers and prevent examiner from extracting sheet/bill
64
How does one test for dorsal interossei (ulnar nerve) function?
examiner places subject's abducted fingers between their own thumb and index finger, and subject is asked to adduct fingers against thumb/index finger resistance
65
What are the two main categories of median nerve lesions?
proximal and distal lesions
66
How do proximal median nerve lesions occur?
fracture of dislocation of elbow; entrapment of median nerve between the two heads of the pronator teres
67
How do distal median nerve lesions occur?
lacerations of distal forearm/anterior wrist because of median nerve's superficial location
68
Chronic compression of the median nerve at the wrist can result in
carpal tunnel syndrome
69
What are the clinical manifestations of a proximal median nerve lesion?
hand of benediction, resulting from loss of thumb opposition
70
What are the clinical manifestations of a distal median nerve lesion?
thenar atrophy; sensory disturbances to palm/thumb/fingers
71
What are the contents of the anatomical snuffbox?
radial artery; trapezium; scaphoid
72
What is the most common snuffbox injury?
scaphoid fracture, which can damage the radial artery and lead to avascular necrosis of the bone

Human Structure - Block 1 (14 decks)

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