How do genes direct production of proteins?

Question 1

DNA is _____ into RNA

Answer 1

transcribed

Question 2

____ transcribes most protein coding genes

Answer 2

RNA Polymerase II

Question 3

Turn off gene expression by expression by directly the selective degradation of mRNAs

Answer 3

siRNA

Question 4

Regions or blocks of DNA that will give rise to the protein sequence

Answer 4

exons

Question 5

Ribosomes are assembled in

Answer 5

nucleolus

Question 6

if the protein being made contains an ER targeting sequence then the ribosome is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in the rough ER. These types of proteins are transported to their destination through a secretory pathway and are usually associated with the plasma membrane or secreted out of the cell.

Answer 6

Membrane bound translation (eukaryotic)

Question 7

poly-A tail is added to the ____ end of the mRNA by a set of RNA-binding proteins and RNA-processing enzymes as soon as it emerges from RNA pol

Answer 7

3’

Question 8

step of translation characterized by synthesis stops and peptide (protein) is released from the ribosome

Answer 8

Termination

Question 9

found associated with the ribosomal complex that carries out translation.

Answer 9

rRNA: ribosomal RNA;

Question 10

Process that splice primary transcripts in multiple combinations of exons which give rise to a family of possible proteins that can have slightly different functions, regulations, and/or specificity

Answer 10

alternative splicing

Question 11

In prokaryotes and eukaryotes how many strands of DNA are transcribed into RNA depending upon the gene?

Answer 11

1

Question 12

transfers the amino acid corresponding to the codon sequence of the mRNA into the growing peptide chain

Answer 12

tRNA: transfer RNA;

Question 13

process of synthesizing a protein from an RNA transcript

Answer 13

Translation

Question 14

Block translation of specific mRNAs and thereby regulate gene expression

Answer 14

microRNA

Question 15

Regions at the 5’ and 3’ ends that do not encode protein

Answer 15

untranslated regions (UTRs)

Question 16

Antibiotic that blocks binding of the aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site (also binds to newly forming mineralizing surfaces such as bone and teeth)

Answer 16

tetracylcine

Question 17

4 steps of translation

Answer 17

activation, initiation, elongation, and termination

Question 18

Suppress protein synthesis and/or induce mRNA degradation; can target multiple different mRNAs

Answer 18

miRNA

Question 19

step of translation characterized by synthesis of peptide chain

Answer 19

Elongation

Question 20

RNA molecule being synthesized is made in the ________ direction

Answer 20

5’ to 3’

Question 21

Process that removes introns

Answer 21

mRNA processing

Question 22

antibiotic that prevents RNA synthesis

Answer 22

Rifamycin

Question 23

step of translation characterized by formation of aminoacyl-tRNAs

Answer 23

Activation

Question 24

RNA is ______ into proteins

Answer 24

translated

Question 25

recognizes TATA box

Answer 25

TBP subunit of TFIID

Question 26

protein coding RNA

Answer 26

mRNA: messenger RNA;

Question 27

Therefore the DNA strand that is used as template is oriented in the _______ direction

Answer 27

3' to 5'

Question 28

Syndrome leads to prenatal growth retardation, craniofacial abnormalities, shorter arms; homozygous mutation of ESCO2 which leads to decreased rDNA transcription and decreased protein synthesis

Answer 28

Roberts syndrome

Question 29

____ provide for proper base pairing with the mRNA

Answer 29

snRNAs

Question 30

In ______ organisms, the RNA transcript can be translated into protein during the transcription process

Answer 30

prokaryotic

Question 31

Protein responsible for DNA transcription (along with several other protein factors).

Answer 31

RNA polymerase

Question 32

Translation starts with the ______ codon which codes for what amino acid?

Answer 32

AUG; methionine

Question 33

3 bases code for 1 amino acid; 3 base sequence is known as

Answer 33

codon

Question 34

Multimeric structure consisting of 50+ proteins and 1 copy of each of 4 rRNAs; assembled in the nucleus within nucleolus

Answer 34

Ribosomes

Question 35

T/F: 5' cap and splicing of primary mRNA happens after the hnRNA emerges from the RNA pol

Answer 35

False

Question 36

DNA in prokaryotic organisms is organized in a _____fashion

Answer 36

linear

Question 37

most abundant RNA to least abundant RNA

Answer 37

rRNA>tRNA>mRNA

Question 38

Point is to park RNA polymerase at proper place to ensure it starts at same place

Answer 38

transcription factors

Question 39

triplet codon sequences that code for each amino acid

Answer 39

The Genetic Code

Question 40

triplet nucleotide sequence in the mRNA that is read by the translation machinery to determine which amino acid is inserted into the peptide chain.

Answer 40

Codon:

Question 41

Gene expression is regulated by numerous ____________ that interact with promoter elements in DNA and/or proteins bound to those promoter elements

Answer 41

transcription factors

Question 42

Antibiotic that blocks the ribosome exit channel in the ribosome so elongation is inhibition

Answer 42

erthromycin

Question 43

process and chemically modify rRNAs

Answer 43

snoRNA

Question 44

Performs RNA splicing and is largely made up of snRNAs in complex with 7 protein subunits to form SNP

Answer 44

spliceosome

Question 45

Process that removes introns

Answer 45

splicing

Question 46

Antibiotic that blocks the peptidyl transferase reaction so elongation is prevented

Answer 46

chloramphenicol

Question 47

Regions or blocks of DNA that do not code for proteins

Answer 47

introns

Question 48

miRNA binds to 3' UTR of target mRNA to form an ______

Answer 48

RNA-inducing silencing complex (RISC)

Question 49

step of translation characterized by binding of small ribosome to 5’-end of mRNA and subsequent binding of initiator Met-tRNA

Answer 49

Initiation

Question 50

move anywhere in the cytosol, but not found in the nucleus and other organelles

Answer 50

Free translation (eukaryotic)

Question 51

This aminoacyl-tRNA is created by the action of enzymes called

Answer 51

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

Question 52

Cells achieve their specialized functions based on the ____ and any subsequent _________ of the resulting proteins

Answer 52

expression of specific genes; post-translational modifications

Question 53

serve as guide RNAs to direct specific modifications of the rRNAs

Answer 53

snoRNAs

Question 54

The complementary sequence to the codon found in a tRNA that insures the proper amino acid is added to the growing peptide chain during translation

Answer 54

Anticodon

Question 55

process by which the genetic information contained in a gene in DNA is copied into an RNA molecule template

Answer 55

Transcription

Question 56

The ______ is read from beginning to end, degenerate (more than one codon can make the same aa), third base is less specific, 3 stop codons that don't code for aas

Answer 56

genetic code

Question 57

tRNAs that are charged by the addition of a specific amino acid that corresponds to the codon

Answer 57

aminoacyl-tRNA

Question 58

translation uses base pairing between the mRNA codon and triplet complementary sequence in the tRNA called

Answer 58

anticodon

Question 59

Antibiotic that prevents the switch from translation initiation to elongation and also can cause protein miscoding

Answer 59

streptomycin

Question 60

Translation starts at ____ end of the mRNA

Answer 60

5'