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Biochem Exam 3 > How do genes direct production of proteins? > Flashcards

How do genes direct production of proteins? Flashcards

1
Q

DNA is _____ into RNA

A

transcribed

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2
Q

____ transcribes most protein coding genes

A

RNA Polymerase II

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3
Q

Turn off gene expression by expression by directly the selective degradation of mRNAs

A

siRNA

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4
Q

Regions or blocks of DNA that will give rise to the protein sequence

A

exons

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5
Q

Ribosomes are assembled in

A

nucleolus

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6
Q

if the protein being made contains an ER targeting sequence then the ribosome is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in the rough ER. These types of proteins are transported to their destination through a secretory pathway and are usually associated with the plasma membrane or secreted out of the cell.

A

Membrane bound translation (eukaryotic)

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7
Q

poly-A tail is added to the ____ end of the mRNA by a set of RNA-binding proteins and RNA-processing enzymes as soon as it emerges from RNA pol

A

3’

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8
Q

step of translation characterized by synthesis stops and peptide (protein) is released from the ribosome

A

Termination

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9
Q

found associated with the ribosomal complex that carries out translation.

A

rRNA: ribosomal RNA;

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10
Q

Process that splice primary transcripts in multiple combinations of exons which give rise to a family of possible proteins that can have slightly different functions, regulations, and/or specificity

A

alternative splicing

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11
Q

In prokaryotes and eukaryotes how many strands of DNA are transcribed into RNA depending upon the gene?

A

1

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12
Q

transfers the amino acid corresponding to the codon sequence of the mRNA into the growing peptide chain

A

tRNA: transfer RNA;

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13
Q

process of synthesizing a protein from an RNA transcript

A

Translation

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14
Q

Block translation of specific mRNAs and thereby regulate gene expression

A

microRNA

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15
Q

Regions at the 5’ and 3’ ends that do not encode protein

A

untranslated regions (UTRs)

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16
Q

Antibiotic that blocks binding of the aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site (also binds to newly forming mineralizing surfaces such as bone and teeth)

A

tetracylcine

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17
Q

4 steps of translation

A

activation, initiation, elongation, and termination

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18
Q

Suppress protein synthesis and/or induce mRNA degradation; can target multiple different mRNAs

A

miRNA

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19
Q

step of translation characterized by synthesis of peptide chain

A

Elongation

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20
Q

RNA molecule being synthesized is made in the ________ direction

A

5’ to 3’

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21
Q

Process that removes introns

A

mRNA processing

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22
Q

antibiotic that prevents RNA synthesis

A

Rifamycin

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23
Q

step of translation characterized by formation of aminoacyl-tRNAs

A

Activation

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24
Q

RNA is ______ into proteins

A

translated

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25
Q

recognizes TATA box

A

TBP subunit of TFIID

26
Q

protein coding RNA

A

mRNA: messenger RNA;

27
Q

Therefore the DNA strand that is used as template is oriented in the _______ direction

A

3’ to 5’

28
Q

Syndrome leads to prenatal growth retardation, craniofacial abnormalities, shorter arms; homozygous mutation of ESCO2 which leads to decreased rDNA transcription and decreased protein synthesis

A

Roberts syndrome

29
Q

____ provide for proper base pairing with the mRNA

A

snRNAs

30
Q

In ______ organisms, the RNA transcript can be translated into protein during the transcription process

A

prokaryotic

31
Q

Protein responsible for DNA transcription (along with several other protein factors).

A

RNA polymerase

32
Q

Translation starts with the ______ codon which codes for what amino acid?

A

AUG; methionine

33
Q

3 bases code for 1 amino acid; 3 base sequence is known as

A

codon

34
Q

Multimeric structure consisting of 50+ proteins and 1 copy of each of 4 rRNAs; assembled in the nucleus within nucleolus

A

Ribosomes

35
Q

T/F: 5’ cap and splicing of primary mRNA happens after the hnRNA emerges from the RNA pol

A

False

36
Q

DNA in prokaryotic organisms is organized in a _____fashion

A

linear

37
Q

most abundant RNA to least abundant RNA

A

rRNA>tRNA>mRNA

38
Q

Point is to park RNA polymerase at proper place to ensure it starts at same place

A

transcription factors

39
Q

triplet codon sequences that code for each amino acid

A

The Genetic Code

40
Q

triplet nucleotide sequence in the mRNA that is read by the translation machinery to determine which amino acid is inserted into the peptide chain.

A

Codon:

41
Q

Gene expression is regulated by numerous ____________ that interact with promoter elements in DNA and/or proteins bound to those promoter elements

A

transcription factors

42
Q

Antibiotic that blocks the ribosome exit channel in the ribosome so elongation is inhibition

A

erthromycin

43
Q

process and chemically modify rRNAs

A

snoRNA

44
Q

Performs RNA splicing and is largely made up of snRNAs in complex with 7 protein subunits to form SNP

A

spliceosome

45
Q

Process that removes introns

A

splicing

46
Q

Antibiotic that blocks the peptidyl transferase reaction so elongation is prevented

A

chloramphenicol

47
Q

Regions or blocks of DNA that do not code for proteins

A

introns

48
Q

miRNA binds to 3’ UTR of target mRNA to form an ______

A

RNA-inducing silencing complex (RISC)

49
Q

step of translation characterized by binding of small ribosome to 5’-end of mRNA and subsequent binding of initiator Met-tRNA

A

Initiation

50
Q

move anywhere in the cytosol, but not found in the nucleus and other organelles

A

Free translation (eukaryotic)

51
Q

This aminoacyl-tRNA is created by the action of enzymes called

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

52
Q

Cells achieve their specialized functions based on the ____ and any subsequent _________ of the resulting proteins

A

expression of specific genes; post-translational modifications

53
Q

serve as guide RNAs to direct specific modifications of the rRNAs

A

snoRNAs

54
Q

The complementary sequence to the codon found in a tRNA that insures the proper amino acid is added to the growing peptide chain during translation

A

Anticodon

55
Q

process by which the genetic information contained in a gene in DNA is copied into an RNA molecule template

A

Transcription

56
Q

The ______ is read from beginning to end, degenerate (more than one codon can make the same aa), third base is less specific, 3 stop codons that don’t code for aas

A

genetic code

57
Q

tRNAs that are charged by the addition of a specific amino acid that corresponds to the codon

A

aminoacyl-tRNA

58
Q

translation uses base pairing between the mRNA codon and triplet complementary sequence in the tRNA called

A

anticodon

59
Q

Antibiotic that prevents the switch from translation initiation to elongation and also can cause protein miscoding

A

streptomycin

60
Q

Translation starts at ____ end of the mRNA

A

5’

Biochem Exam 3 (10 decks)

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