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Biochem Exam 3 > DNA, RNA, and DNA replication > Flashcards

DNA, RNA, and DNA replication Flashcards

1
Q

process where introns are removed in eukaryotes

A

splicing

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2
Q

enzyme that seals a broken phosphodiester bond; uses a molecule of ATP to activate the 5’ end at the nick before forming the new bond

A

DNA ligase

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3
Q

The genetic material found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Double stranded polymer of deoxyribose, phosphoric acid and nitrogenous bases

A

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

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4
Q

daughter strand that is synthesized continuously

A

leading strand

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5
Q

Changes in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA. May or may not have disease related consequences for the organism

A

Gene mutation

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6
Q

_____ of DNA to RNA results in a RNA copy that is ready to be used for protein synthesis (________)

A

trancription, translation

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7
Q

In Eukaryotic organisms primary transcripts are often spliced in multiple combinations of exons ___________ which gives rise to a family of possible proteins that can have slightly different functions, regulation and/or tissue specificity

A

alternative splicing

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8
Q

organisms that house their DNA in a distinct, subcellular compartment (nucleus).

A

Eucaryotic

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9
Q

The combined total of all proteins contained within a tissue or body fluid

A

Proteome

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10
Q

library with all the genomic information

A

genome

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11
Q

Performs multiple functions inside the cell. Composed of a single stranded polymer of ribose, phosphoric acid and nitrogenous bases

A

RNA ribonucleic acid

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12
Q

3’ end of DNA strand contains

A

free hydroxyl group

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13
Q

Pyrimidines

A

C, U, T

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14
Q

The combined total of all genetic information contained in an organism.

A

Genome

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15
Q

more highly condensed structure of chromatin and generally not transcriptionally acive

A

heterochromatin

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16
Q

5’ end of DNA strand contains

A

free phosphate group

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17
Q

Purines

A

A, G

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18
Q

holds a moving DNA polymerase onto the DNA

A

sliding ring/clamp

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19
Q

Occurs during the S phase (for Synthesis) of the cell cycle. Process by which the DNA is copied to produce two identical strands.

A

DNA Replication

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20
Q

active region that progressively moves along the parental DNA double helix where a multi-enzyme/protein complex that contains the DNA polymerase synthesizes the DNA of both new daughter strands

A

replication fork

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21
Q

Occurs during the M phase of the cell cycle. Division of the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, involving condensation of the DNA into visible chromosomes, and separation of the duplicated chromosome to form two identical sets. From the Greek mitos, a thread, referring to the threadlike appearance of the condensed chromosomes

A

Mitosis

22
Q

DNA pol requires 2 things:

A

template strand, strand to build off of with a 3’ OH group

23
Q

Hydrolyse ATP and change the shape of a protein, move rapidly along a DNA strand; where they encounter a region of double helix, they continue to move along their strand, thereby, prying apart the helix

A

DNA helicases

24
Q

regions or blocks of sequence that will give rise to the protein sequence

A

exons

25
Q

Different phases in the life of a dividing cell. It is the process by which the cell grows and divides into daughter cells

A

Cell Cycle

26
Q

premature aging disease due to a mutation in gene that encodes DNA helicase

A

Werner syndrome

27
Q

newly synthesized DNA strand is synthesized in the _______ direction

A

5’ to 3’

28
Q

regions of the sequence that do not code for proteins

A

introns

29
Q

Why is RNA primer required for DNA synthesis?

A

Self-correcting polymerase such as DNA pols, can’t start chains

30
Q

DNA in eukaryotic cells is packaged into several ______

A

chromosomes

31
Q

enzyme that synthesizes the short RNA primers made on the lagging strand using DNA as a template; can start new polynucletotide chain by joining 2 nucleoside triphosphate together

A

DNA primase

32
Q

library with all protein information

A

proteome

33
Q

DNA synthesized on the lagging strand must be made initially as a series of short DNA molecules called ______; synthesized sequentially with those nearest the fork being the most recently made

A

Okazaki fragments

34
Q

DNA synthesis initiates in AT regions known as

A

origins of replication

35
Q

enzyme that joins two DNA strands together

A

DNA ligase

36
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes DNA synthesis (copies an original strand to make a double stranded DNA)

A

DNA polymerase

37
Q

Basic unit of heredity

A

Gene

38
Q

organisms that do not have a distinct nuclear compartment to house their DNA. Bacteria (eubacteria) and archaea are the two major classes of prokaryotic organisms.

A

Prokaryotic

39
Q

in eukaryotes, DNA is first condensed into _____

A

nucleosomes

40
Q

the shape of _______ roughly looks like a right hand which the palm, fingers, and thumb grasp the DNA and form the active site

A

DNA pol

41
Q

daughter strand that is synthesized discontinuously

A

lagging strand

42
Q

Enzymatic activity that degrades DNA one base at a time

A

Exonuclease

43
Q

regions at the 5’ and 3’ ends that do not encode proteins

A

untranslated regions (UTRs)

44
Q

helps to attach sliding ring/clamp to DNA

A

clamp holder

45
Q

Bind to exposed DNA strands. Unable to open a long DNA helix directly, but aid helicases by stabilizing the unwound helix. Cooperative binding completely coats and straightens out the regions of single-stranded DNA on the lagging strand template, thereby preventing formation of the short hairpin helix that would otherwise impede synthesis by the DNA polymerase

A

Single-strand DNA-binding proteins (helix-destabilizing proteins)

46
Q

DNA is condensed by a set of polyamines and proteins in back and forth loops

A

Prokaryotes

47
Q

central dogma of genetics

A

DNA to RNA to Proteins

48
Q

DNA pol has 2 functions/ activities:

A

5’-3’ polymerase and 3’-5’ exonuclease

49
Q

DNA synthesis begins following what 2 events

A

DNA unwinding and RNA primer synthesis at replication origins

50
Q

can be degraded in alkaline conditions b/c of the 2 hydroxyl groups

A

RNA ribose

51
Q

more relaxed structure of chromatin that is transcriptionally active

A

euchromatin

Biochem Exam 3 (10 decks)

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