DNA, RNA, and DNA replication

Question 1

process where introns are removed in eukaryotes

Answer 1

splicing

Question 2

enzyme that seals a broken phosphodiester bond; uses a molecule of ATP to activate the 5’ end at the nick before forming the new bond

Answer 2

DNA ligase

Question 3

The genetic material found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Double stranded polymer of deoxyribose, phosphoric acid and nitrogenous bases

Answer 3

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 4

daughter strand that is synthesized continuously

Answer 4

leading strand

Question 5

Changes in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA. May or may not have disease related consequences for the organism

Answer 5

Gene mutation

Question 6

_____ of DNA to RNA results in a RNA copy that is ready to be used for protein synthesis (________)

Answer 6

trancription, translation

Question 7

In Eukaryotic organisms primary transcripts are often spliced in multiple combinations of exons ___________ which gives rise to a family of possible proteins that can have slightly different functions, regulation and/or tissue specificity

Answer 7

alternative splicing

Question 8

organisms that house their DNA in a distinct, subcellular compartment (nucleus).

Answer 8

Eucaryotic

Question 9

The combined total of all proteins contained within a tissue or body fluid

Answer 9

Proteome

Question 10

library with all the genomic information

Answer 10

genome

Question 11

Performs multiple functions inside the cell. Composed of a single stranded polymer of ribose, phosphoric acid and nitrogenous bases

Answer 11

RNA ribonucleic acid

Question 12

3’ end of DNA strand contains

Answer 12

free hydroxyl group

Question 13

Pyrimidines

Answer 13

C, U, T

Question 14

The combined total of all genetic information contained in an organism.

Answer 14

Genome

Question 15

more highly condensed structure of chromatin and generally not transcriptionally acive

Answer 15

heterochromatin

Question 16

5’ end of DNA strand contains

Answer 16

free phosphate group

Question 17

Purines

Answer 17

A, G

Question 18

holds a moving DNA polymerase onto the DNA

Answer 18

sliding ring/clamp

Question 19

Occurs during the S phase (for Synthesis) of the cell cycle. Process by which the DNA is copied to produce two identical strands.

Answer 19

DNA Replication

Question 20

active region that progressively moves along the parental DNA double helix where a multi-enzyme/protein complex that contains the DNA polymerase synthesizes the DNA of both new daughter strands

Answer 20

replication fork

Question 21

Occurs during the M phase of the cell cycle. Division of the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, involving condensation of the DNA into visible chromosomes, and separation of the duplicated chromosome to form two identical sets. From the Greek mitos, a thread, referring to the threadlike appearance of the condensed chromosomes

Answer 21

Mitosis

Question 22

DNA pol requires 2 things:

Answer 22

template strand, strand to build off of with a 3’ OH group

Question 23

Hydrolyse ATP and change the shape of a protein, move rapidly along a DNA strand; where they encounter a region of double helix, they continue to move along their strand, thereby, prying apart the helix

Answer 23

DNA helicases

Question 24

regions or blocks of sequence that will give rise to the protein sequence

Answer 24

exons

Question 25

Different phases in the life of a dividing cell. It is the process by which the cell grows and divides into daughter cells

Answer 25

Cell Cycle

Question 26

premature aging disease due to a mutation in gene that encodes DNA helicase

Answer 26

Werner syndrome

Question 27

newly synthesized DNA strand is synthesized in the _______ direction

Answer 27

5' to 3'

Question 28

regions of the sequence that do not code for proteins

Answer 28

introns

Question 29

Why is RNA primer required for DNA synthesis?

Answer 29

Self-correcting polymerase such as DNA pols, can't start chains

Question 30

DNA in eukaryotic cells is packaged into several ______

Answer 30

chromosomes

Question 31

enzyme that synthesizes the short RNA primers made on the lagging strand using DNA as a template; can start new polynucletotide chain by joining 2 nucleoside triphosphate together

Answer 31

DNA primase

Question 32

library with all protein information

Answer 32

proteome

Question 33

DNA synthesized on the lagging strand must be made initially as a series of short DNA molecules called ______; synthesized sequentially with those nearest the fork being the most recently made

Answer 33

Okazaki fragments

Question 34

DNA synthesis initiates in AT regions known as

Answer 34

origins of replication

Question 35

enzyme that joins two DNA strands together

Answer 35

DNA ligase

Question 36

Enzyme that catalyzes DNA synthesis (copies an original strand to make a double stranded DNA)

Answer 36

DNA polymerase

Question 37

Basic unit of heredity

Answer 37

Gene

Question 38

organisms that do not have a distinct nuclear compartment to house their DNA. Bacteria (eubacteria) and archaea are the two major classes of prokaryotic organisms.

Answer 38

Prokaryotic

Question 39

in eukaryotes, DNA is first condensed into _____

Answer 39

nucleosomes

Question 40

the shape of _______ roughly looks like a right hand which the palm, fingers, and thumb grasp the DNA and form the active site

Answer 40

DNA pol

Question 41

daughter strand that is synthesized discontinuously

Answer 41

lagging strand

Question 42

Enzymatic activity that degrades DNA one base at a time

Answer 42

Exonuclease

Question 43

regions at the 5' and 3' ends that do not encode proteins

Answer 43

untranslated regions (UTRs)

Question 44

helps to attach sliding ring/clamp to DNA

Answer 44

clamp holder

Question 45

Bind to exposed DNA strands. Unable to open a long DNA helix directly, but aid helicases by stabilizing the unwound helix. Cooperative binding completely coats and straightens out the regions of single-stranded DNA on the lagging strand template, thereby preventing formation of the short hairpin helix that would otherwise impede synthesis by the DNA polymerase

Answer 45

Single-strand DNA-binding proteins (helix-destabilizing proteins)

Question 46

DNA is condensed by a set of polyamines and proteins in back and forth loops

Answer 46

Prokaryotes

Question 47

central dogma of genetics

Answer 47

DNA to RNA to Proteins

Question 48

DNA pol has 2 functions/ activities:

Answer 48

5'-3' polymerase and 3'-5' exonuclease

Question 49

DNA synthesis begins following what 2 events

Answer 49

DNA unwinding and RNA primer synthesis at replication origins

Question 50

can be degraded in alkaline conditions b/c of the 2 hydroxyl groups

Answer 50

RNA ribose

Question 51

more relaxed structure of chromatin that is transcriptionally active

Answer 51

euchromatin