How do cells do what they do? - Compendium 2 Flashcards
List the functional characteristics of a cell.
Cell metabolism
Synthesis of a cell
Communication
Reproduction and inheritance
List the major organelles
Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Nucleus Ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Mitochondria Centrioles Cilia Microvilli
Distinguish between cytoplasm, cytosol and cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm is everything inside the cell membrane except the nuclei
Cytosol is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton is the support structure within the cytosol
Describe the structure and the role of the cell (plasma) membrane
Cell membrane is a lipid bilayer with carbohydrates and proteins
Its role is to:
Enclose and support the cellular contents
Controls what comes in and out of the cell
regulates intra vs extracellular material
role in intracellular communication
Production of a charge difference
Define histology
Histology is the study of tissues
List the four types of primary tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
List the characteristics of epithelial tissue
Covers and protects
Distinct cell surfaces
Avascular bit innervated
Ability to regenerate
List the characteristics of Connective tissue
Few cells
Lots of extracellular matrix
Very diverse
List the characteristics of muscle tissue
Highly cellular
Well vascularised
Responsible for tension and movement
List the characteristics of nervous tissue
Main components of the nervous system
Contains neurons and neuroglia
Provide an example of each epithelial tissue type and where each tissue type is found in the body including an understanding of why (functionally) it is found in this body location
Simple squamous
Alveoli of the lungs, serous of pleura, pericardium and peritoneum
Simple cuboidal
Kidney Tubules and terminal bronchioles
Simple columnar
Intestines, stomach, fallopian tubes
Transitional
Ureters and bladder
Stratified squamous
skin
Stratified cuboidal
ducts of sweat glands, ducts of salivary glands and developing ovum
Stratified columnar
ducts of mammary glands, larynx and part of male urethra
Pseudostratified columnar
pharynx, trachea, males sperm carrying ducts
Describe the composition of connective tissue
Cells
Ground substance
Fibers
List the classes of connective tissue
Proper
-Loose
Adipose
Reticular
Areolar
-Dense
Regular
Irregular
Elastic
Cartilage
Blood
Bone
What makes up the environment of a cell
A cells interior environment (intracellular) is made up of the cytoplasm and nuclei. The Extracellular matrix comprises everything else outside the cell. It is made from ground substance, protein fibers and fluid.
What are the main organelles inside a cell and what is their function?
a. Nucleus
i. Is the control center of the cell
b. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
i. Site for protein synthesis. Transports proteins to the Golgi apparatus
c. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
i. Synthesises lipids and carbohydrates. Detoxifies harmful chemicals
d. Ribosomes
i. Synthesises proteins
e. Golgi aparatus
i. Modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids around the cell.
f. Lysosomes
i. Breaks down unwanted cells, proteins, llipids and nucleic acids
g. Peroxisomes
h. Proteasomes
i. Mitochondria
i. Creates the energy for a cell
j. Centrioles
i. Synthesises microtubules for the cell. Aids in cell reproduction
k. Cilia
i. Moves material over the cell
l. Microvilli
i. Increases the surface area of the cell for absorption and secretion.
m. Flagellum
i. Used for motility. Only found in spermatozoa
What happens to a cell if an organelle stops working?
Complete malfunction of the cell will take place. Each organelle has an important role within the cell and if it were to stop working the cell would potentially die.
Are all cells in the body the same?
No there are many different types of cells
What types of cell surface modifications are found in epithelia and what is their function?
a. Cilia
i. Cilia is responsible for moving material over the cell
b. Microvilli
i. Responsible for increasing the surface area of the cell. Used for absorption and secretion
c. Flagellum
Long tail used for motility
What are the two main types of stratified squamous epithelia?
Keratinised and non-keratinised
Give an example of where Keratinised and non-keratinised squamous epithelia are found and how they adapt for their specific functions?
a. Keratinised
i. Only found in the skin. This is used for protection from abrasion and from pathogens. Water resistant
b. Non-keratinised
Protection from abrasion and pathogens in a moist environment
How do the general characteristics of connective tissues compare with those of epithelia?
Epithelia covers and protects the body, where connective tissue provides structure.
Name the three types of muscle found in the body and briefly describe their function
a. Skeletal
i. Provides movement for the body as a whole
b. Cardiac
i. Contracts the heart to pump blood around the body
c. Smooth
i. Helps with digestions and removal of waste products
What main function does the nervous tissue perform?
Nervous tissue is responsible for the control and communication throughout the body.
