How do cells do what they do? - Compendium 2

Question 1

List the functional characteristics of a cell.

Answer 1

Cell metabolism
Synthesis of a cell
Communication
Reproduction and inheritance

Question 2

List the major organelles

Answer 2

Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Centrioles
Cilia
Microvilli

Question 3

Distinguish between cytoplasm, cytosol and cytoskeleton

Answer 3

Cytoplasm is everything inside the cell membrane except the nuclei
Cytosol is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton is the support structure within the cytosol

Question 4

Describe the structure and the role of the cell (plasma) membrane

Answer 4

Cell membrane is a lipid bilayer with carbohydrates and proteins

Its role is to:

Enclose and support the cellular contents
Controls what comes in and out of the cell
regulates intra vs extracellular material
role in intracellular communication
Production of a charge difference

Question 5

Define histology

Answer 5

Histology is the study of tissues

Question 6

List the four types of primary tissues

Answer 6

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Question 7

List the characteristics of epithelial tissue

Answer 7

Covers and protects
Distinct cell surfaces
Avascular bit innervated
Ability to regenerate

Question 8

List the characteristics of Connective tissue

Answer 8

Few cells
Lots of extracellular matrix
Very diverse

Question 9

List the characteristics of muscle tissue

Answer 9

Highly cellular
Well vascularised
Responsible for tension and movement

Question 10

List the characteristics of nervous tissue

Answer 10

Main components of the nervous system

Contains neurons and neuroglia

Question 11

Provide an example of each epithelial tissue type and where each tissue type is found in the body including an understanding of why (functionally) it is found in this body location

Answer 11

Simple squamous
Alveoli of the lungs, serous of pleura, pericardium and peritoneum

Simple cuboidal
Kidney Tubules and terminal bronchioles

Simple columnar
Intestines, stomach, fallopian tubes

Transitional
Ureters and bladder

Stratified squamous
skin

Stratified cuboidal
ducts of sweat glands, ducts of salivary glands and developing ovum

Stratified columnar
ducts of mammary glands, larynx and part of male urethra

Pseudostratified columnar
pharynx, trachea, males sperm carrying ducts

Question 12

Describe the composition of connective tissue

Answer 12

Cells
Ground substance
Fibers

Question 13

List the classes of connective tissue

Answer 13

Proper

-Loose
Adipose
Reticular
Areolar

-Dense
Regular
Irregular
Elastic

Cartilage

Blood

Bone

Question 14

What makes up the environment of a cell

Answer 14

A cells interior environment (intracellular) is made up of the cytoplasm and nuclei. The Extracellular matrix comprises everything else outside the cell. It is made from ground substance, protein fibers and fluid.

Question 15

What are the main organelles inside a cell and what is their function?

Answer 15

a. Nucleus
i. Is the control center of the cell
b. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
i. Site for protein synthesis. Transports proteins to the Golgi apparatus
c. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
i. Synthesises lipids and carbohydrates. Detoxifies harmful chemicals
d. Ribosomes
i. Synthesises proteins
e. Golgi aparatus
i. Modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids around the cell.
f. Lysosomes
i. Breaks down unwanted cells, proteins, llipids and nucleic acids
g. Peroxisomes
h. Proteasomes
i. Mitochondria
i. Creates the energy for a cell
j. Centrioles
i. Synthesises microtubules for the cell. Aids in cell reproduction
k. Cilia
i. Moves material over the cell
l. Microvilli
i. Increases the surface area of the cell for absorption and secretion.
m. Flagellum
i. Used for motility. Only found in spermatozoa

Question 16

What happens to a cell if an organelle stops working?

Answer 16

Complete malfunction of the cell will take place. Each organelle has an important role within the cell and if it were to stop working the cell would potentially die.

Question 17

Are all cells in the body the same?

Answer 17

No there are many different types of cells

Question 18

What types of cell surface modifications are found in epithelia and what is their function?

Answer 18

a. Cilia
i. Cilia is responsible for moving material over the cell
b. Microvilli
i. Responsible for increasing the surface area of the cell. Used for absorption and secretion
c. Flagellum
Long tail used for motility

Question 19

What are the two main types of stratified squamous epithelia?

Answer 19

Keratinised and non-keratinised

Question 20

Give an example of where Keratinised and non-keratinised squamous epithelia are found and how they adapt for their specific functions?

Answer 20

a. Keratinised
i. Only found in the skin. This is used for protection from abrasion and from pathogens. Water resistant
b. Non-keratinised
Protection from abrasion and pathogens in a moist environment

Question 21

How do the general characteristics of connective tissues compare with those of epithelia?

Answer 21

Epithelia covers and protects the body, where connective tissue provides structure.

Question 22

Name the three types of muscle found in the body and briefly describe their function

Answer 22

a. Skeletal
i. Provides movement for the body as a whole
b. Cardiac
i. Contracts the heart to pump blood around the body
c. Smooth
i. Helps with digestions and removal of waste products

Question 23

What main function does the nervous tissue perform?

Answer 23

Nervous tissue is responsible for the control and communication throughout the body.