Hormones and their functions Flashcards
growth hormone (GH) cell type
somatotrophs
growth hormone (GH): targets organ
liver, muscle, bone
growth hormone (GH): function/action
-stimulates somatic growth
-mobilize fat/spares glucose
-increase in protein synthesis
-an anabolic hormone with metabolic and growth-promoting action
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): cell type
thyrotrophs
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): target organs
thyroid gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): function/action
-promotes the release of thyroid hormone (normal development and secretory activity)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): cell type
corticotrophs
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): target organ
adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): function/action
-release of glucocorticoids and androgens
-minor stimulation of mineralocorticoid release
-helps the body resist stress
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH): cell type
melanotrophs
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH): target organ
unknown target
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH): function/action
-trasmitter = apettite control in humans
-production and distribution of melanin in amphibians –> same function in humans
Prolactin (PRL): cell type
-lactotrophs (mammotrophs)
Prolactin (PRL): organ target
mammary glands
Prolactin (PRL): function /action
-promotes lactation
-in males not understood
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): cell type
gonadotrophs
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): target organ
ovaries and testes
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): function/action
-stimulate ovarian follicle maturation
-production of estrogen
-in males stimulate sperm
luteinizing hormone (LH): cell type
gonadotrophs
luteinizing hormone (LH): target organs
ovaries
luteinizing hormone (LH): function/action
-in females trigger ovulation and stimulate estrogen and progesterone production
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH): cell type
gonadotrophs
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH): target organ
-testes
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH): function/action
-stimulate hormones in interstitial cells to produce testosterone
Oxytocin (OT): cell type
neurons of the paraventricular nucleus
Oxytocin (OT): target organ
uterus and breast
Oxytocin (OT): function/action
-in the uterus stimulates uterine contractions, initiates labor, and minor stimulation of contraction of all smooth muscle
-in breast initiates milk ejection
antidiuretic hormone (ADH): cell type
neurons of the supraoptic nucleus
antidiuretic hormone (ADH): target organ
kidneys
antidiuretic hormone (ADH): function/action
-in kidneys stimulate kidney tubules to reabsorb water from the forming urine back into the blood
-inhibits/prevents urine formation
-helps water balance
thyroid hormone (TH): cell type
follicular cells
thyroid hormone (TH): target organ
most tissues, stimulate most metabolic ways
thyroid hormone (TH): function/action
-increase metabolic rate
-regulate growth and development of tissue
-maintain BP
calcitonin (CT): cell type
parafollicular or clear cells
calcitonin (CT): target organ
skeleton bone
calcitonin (CT): function/action
-reuptake of calcium inhibition and reabsorption
-decrease blood calcium levels
parathyroid hormone (PTH): cell type
chief (principle cell)
parathyroid hormone (PTH): target organ
skeleton
parathyroid hormone (PTH): function/action
-controls calcium balance in the blood
-increases calcium level
-liberates calcium from the blood
-stimulates the digestion of calcium matrix in bone
thymosin and thymopoietin: cell type
thymocytes
thymosin and thymopoietin: target organ
thymus/ bone marrow
thymosin and thymopoietin: function/action
-stimulates leucopoiesis (white BC development)
mineralcorticoids (aldosterone): cell type
cells of the zona glumerulosa
mineralcorticoids (aldosterone): target organ
kidneys and tubules
mineralocorticoids (aldosterone): function/action
-increase sodium reabsorption
glucocorticoids (cortisol): cell type
cells of the zona fasciculata
glucocorticoids (cortisol): target organ
body cells, most tissues
glucocorticoids (cortisol): function/action
-mobilize fat for energy
-protein catabolism
-stimulate glucogenesis
assist in body to resist in stressors, depress immune response
-vasoconstriction and anti-inflammatory
gonadocorticoids (androgen and estradiols): cell type
cells of the zona reticularis
gonadocorticoids (androgen and estradiols): target organ
tissues involved in development
gonadocorticoids (androgen and estradiols): function/action
-contributes to female libido, development of pubic hair, axillary hair
-in females increase in the production of sex hormones
-weak influence on sexual development in males
Epinephrine (EP): target organ
cardiovascular and muscular system
Epinephrine (EP): cell type
chromaffin cells (type of neuron)
Epinephrine (EP): function/action
-most potent stimulator of metabolic activities
-dilator of small airways (increase breathing rate)
-used as a heat stimulant, brief responses
-increases heart rate, glucose levels, and BP
norepinephrine (NE): cell type
adrenergic sympathetic neurons
norepinephrine (NE): target organ
affect as a neurotransmitter, sympathetic nervous system
norepinephrine (NE): function/action
-greater influence on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure, brief responses
-similar to epinephrine both work together
insulin: target organ
-muscle and fat tissue
insulin: cell type
B cells of the islets of langerhans
insulin: function/action
-lower blood glucose (decrease) binds to cells and open pathway for glucose to be allowed in
glucagon: cell type
alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans
glucagon: target organ
-liver
glucagon: function/action
-potent hypoglycemic agent
-increase blood glucose by liberating glucose from glycogen storage
estrogen: cell type
follicular cells of the maturing follicle
estrogen: target organ
reproductive organs
estrogen: function/action
-maintains 2nd sexual characteristics and maintains pregnancy
-stimulates lactation, ovulation (gamete, egg) development
-stimulates development of reproductive organs
progesterone: cell type
follicular cells of the corpus luteum
progesterone: target organ
-uterus
progesterone function/action
-stimulates maintenance of pregnancy
-establishes and controls uterine cycle (in concert with estrogen)
testosterone: cell type
-interstitial cells of Leydig
testosterone: target organ
testes
testosterone: function action
-stimulate secondary sexual characteristics in males
-sperm development
melatonin: cell type
pinealocytes
melatonin: target organ
unknown
-but could be optic center in brain/light process sensing centers in brain
melatonin: function/action
regulation of circadian rhythms
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): cell type
cells of the chorionic villi
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): target organ
-corpus luteum and ovaries
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): function/action
-stimulates the production of progesterone to maintain pregnancy
similar to LH hormone
human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS): target organ
aka “human placental lactogen (hPL)”
breast
human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS): cell type
cells of the chorionic villi
human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS): function/action
-stimulates maturation of mammary glands for lactation
-similar to hormone GH
human chorionic thyrotropin (hCT): cell type
cells of the chorionic villi
human chorionic thyrotropin (hCT): function/action
stimulates increased metabolic rate throughout pregnancy
-similar to hormone TSH
human chorionic thyrotropin (hCT): target organ
thyroid gland
relaxin: cell type
cells of the chorionic villi
relaxin: target organ
pubic symphasis
relaxin: function/action
-cause pelvic ligaments to relax and widen become more flexible
-prepares for parturition
-similar to insulin
steroid hormones
-dervied from cholesterol
-functional group (4-ringed hydro-carbon backbone
-examples are corticosteroids from adrenal glands and the sex hormones
examples of steroid hormones
-mineralcorticoids (aldosteron)
-glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone)
-gonadocorticoids (androgens-testosterone) and (estradiols-estrogen + progesterone)
Peptide hormones
-a chain of amino acids
-synthesized as all proteins are (1. gene transcribed from DNA to form mRNA then ribosomes translate mRNA to proteins (a peptide chain)
Examples of peptide hormones
-oligopeptides (OT, ADH, CCK)
-polypeptides (GH, ACTH, PRL, MSH, CT)
-glycoproteins (TSH, FSH, LH, EPO, hCG, hCS, hCT)
monoamines
-synthesized from specific amino acids
examples of monoamines
tryptophan–> melatonin
tyrosine–> catecholamines (EP, NE, TH, DA)
