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Anatomy and Physology II Lab > Hormones and their functions > Flashcards

Hormones and their functions Flashcards

1
Q

growth hormone (GH) cell type

A

somatotrophs

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2
Q

growth hormone (GH): targets organ

A

liver, muscle, bone

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3
Q

growth hormone (GH): function/action

A

-stimulates somatic growth
-mobilize fat/spares glucose
-increase in protein synthesis
-an anabolic hormone with metabolic and growth-promoting action

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4
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): cell type

A

thyrotrophs

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5
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): target organs

A

thyroid gland

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6
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): function/action

A

-promotes the release of thyroid hormone (normal development and secretory activity)

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7
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): cell type

A

corticotrophs

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8
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): target organ

A

adrenal cortex

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9
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): function/action

A

-release of glucocorticoids and androgens
-minor stimulation of mineralocorticoid release
-helps the body resist stress

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10
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH): cell type

A

melanotrophs

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11
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH): target organ

A

unknown target

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12
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH): function/action

A

-trasmitter = apettite control in humans
-production and distribution of melanin in amphibians –> same function in humans

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13
Q

Prolactin (PRL): cell type

A

-lactotrophs (mammotrophs)

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14
Q

Prolactin (PRL): organ target

A

mammary glands

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15
Q

Prolactin (PRL): function /action

A

-promotes lactation
-in males not understood

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16
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): cell type

A

gonadotrophs

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17
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): target organ

A

ovaries and testes

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18
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): function/action

A

-stimulate ovarian follicle maturation
-production of estrogen
-in males stimulate sperm

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19
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH): cell type

A

gonadotrophs

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20
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH): target organs

A

ovaries

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21
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH): function/action

A

-in females trigger ovulation and stimulate estrogen and progesterone production

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22
Q

interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH): cell type

A

gonadotrophs

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23
Q

interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH): target organ

A

-testes

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24
Q

interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH): function/action

A

-stimulate hormones in interstitial cells to produce testosterone

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25
Q

Oxytocin (OT): cell type

A

neurons of the paraventricular nucleus

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26
Q

Oxytocin (OT): target organ

A

uterus and breast

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27
Q

Oxytocin (OT): function/action

A

-in the uterus stimulates uterine contractions, initiates labor, and minor stimulation of contraction of all smooth muscle
-in breast initiates milk ejection

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28
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH): cell type

A

neurons of the supraoptic nucleus

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29
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH): target organ

A

kidneys

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30
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH): function/action

A

-in kidneys stimulate kidney tubules to reabsorb water from the forming urine back into the blood
-inhibits/prevents urine formation
-helps water balance

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31
Q

thyroid hormone (TH): cell type

A

follicular cells

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32
Q

thyroid hormone (TH): target organ

A

most tissues, stimulate most metabolic ways

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33
Q

thyroid hormone (TH): function/action

A

-increase metabolic rate
-regulate growth and development of tissue
-maintain BP

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34
Q

calcitonin (CT): cell type

A

parafollicular or clear cells

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35
Q

calcitonin (CT): target organ

A

skeleton bone

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36
Q

calcitonin (CT): function/action

A

-reuptake of calcium inhibition and reabsorption
-decrease blood calcium levels

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37
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH): cell type

A

chief (principle cell)

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38
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH): target organ

A

skeleton

39
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH): function/action

A

-controls calcium balance in the blood
-increases calcium level
-liberates calcium from the blood
-stimulates the digestion of calcium matrix in bone

40
Q

thymosin and thymopoietin: cell type

A

thymocytes

41
Q

thymosin and thymopoietin: target organ

A

thymus/ bone marrow

42
Q

thymosin and thymopoietin: function/action

A

-stimulates leucopoiesis (white BC development)

43
Q

mineralcorticoids (aldosterone): cell type

A

cells of the zona glumerulosa

44
Q

mineralcorticoids (aldosterone): target organ

A

kidneys and tubules

45
Q

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone): function/action

A

-increase sodium reabsorption

46
Q

glucocorticoids (cortisol): cell type

A

cells of the zona fasciculata

47
Q

glucocorticoids (cortisol): target organ

A

body cells, most tissues

48
Q

glucocorticoids (cortisol): function/action

A

-mobilize fat for energy
-protein catabolism
-stimulate glucogenesis
assist in body to resist in stressors, depress immune response
-vasoconstriction and anti-inflammatory

49
Q

gonadocorticoids (androgen and estradiols): cell type

A

cells of the zona reticularis

50
Q

gonadocorticoids (androgen and estradiols): target organ

A

tissues involved in development

51
Q

gonadocorticoids (androgen and estradiols): function/action

A

-contributes to female libido, development of pubic hair, axillary hair
-in females increase in the production of sex hormones
-weak influence on sexual development in males

52
Q

Epinephrine (EP): target organ

A

cardiovascular and muscular system

53
Q

Epinephrine (EP): cell type

A

chromaffin cells (type of neuron)

54
Q

Epinephrine (EP): function/action

A

-most potent stimulator of metabolic activities
-dilator of small airways (increase breathing rate)
-used as a heat stimulant, brief responses
-increases heart rate, glucose levels, and BP

55
Q

norepinephrine (NE): cell type

A

adrenergic sympathetic neurons

56
Q

norepinephrine (NE): target organ

A

affect as a neurotransmitter, sympathetic nervous system

57
Q

norepinephrine (NE): function/action

A

-greater influence on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure, brief responses
-similar to epinephrine both work together

58
Q

insulin: target organ

A

-muscle and fat tissue

59
Q

insulin: cell type

A

B cells of the islets of langerhans

60
Q

insulin: function/action

A

-lower blood glucose (decrease) binds to cells and open pathway for glucose to be allowed in

61
Q

glucagon: cell type

A

alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans

62
Q

glucagon: target organ

A

-liver

63
Q

glucagon: function/action

A

-potent hypoglycemic agent
-increase blood glucose by liberating glucose from glycogen storage

64
Q

estrogen: cell type

A

follicular cells of the maturing follicle

65
Q

estrogen: target organ

A

reproductive organs

66
Q

estrogen: function/action

A

-maintains 2nd sexual characteristics and maintains pregnancy
-stimulates lactation, ovulation (gamete, egg) development
-stimulates development of reproductive organs

67
Q

progesterone: cell type

A

follicular cells of the corpus luteum

68
Q

progesterone: target organ

A

-uterus

69
Q

progesterone function/action

A

-stimulates maintenance of pregnancy
-establishes and controls uterine cycle (in concert with estrogen)

70
Q

testosterone: cell type

A

-interstitial cells of Leydig

71
Q

testosterone: target organ

A

testes

72
Q

testosterone: function action

A

-stimulate secondary sexual characteristics in males
-sperm development

73
Q

melatonin: cell type

A

pinealocytes

74
Q

melatonin: target organ

A

unknown
-but could be optic center in brain/light process sensing centers in brain

75
Q

melatonin: function/action

A

regulation of circadian rhythms

76
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): cell type

A

cells of the chorionic villi

77
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): target organ

A

-corpus luteum and ovaries

78
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): function/action

A

-stimulates the production of progesterone to maintain pregnancy
similar to LH hormone

79
Q

human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS): target organ
aka “human placental lactogen (hPL)”

A

breast

80
Q

human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS): cell type

A

cells of the chorionic villi

81
Q

human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS): function/action

A

-stimulates maturation of mammary glands for lactation
-similar to hormone GH

82
Q

human chorionic thyrotropin (hCT): cell type

A

cells of the chorionic villi

83
Q

human chorionic thyrotropin (hCT): function/action

A

stimulates increased metabolic rate throughout pregnancy
-similar to hormone TSH

84
Q

human chorionic thyrotropin (hCT): target organ

A

thyroid gland

85
Q

relaxin: cell type

A

cells of the chorionic villi

86
Q

relaxin: target organ

A

pubic symphasis

87
Q

relaxin: function/action

A

-cause pelvic ligaments to relax and widen become more flexible
-prepares for parturition
-similar to insulin

88
Q

steroid hormones

A

-dervied from cholesterol
-functional group (4-ringed hydro-carbon backbone
-examples are corticosteroids from adrenal glands and the sex hormones

89
Q

examples of steroid hormones

A

-mineralcorticoids (aldosteron)
-glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone)
-gonadocorticoids (androgens-testosterone) and (estradiols-estrogen + progesterone)

90
Q

Peptide hormones

A

-a chain of amino acids
-synthesized as all proteins are (1. gene transcribed from DNA to form mRNA then ribosomes translate mRNA to proteins (a peptide chain)

91
Q

Examples of peptide hormones

A

-oligopeptides (OT, ADH, CCK)
-polypeptides (GH, ACTH, PRL, MSH, CT)
-glycoproteins (TSH, FSH, LH, EPO, hCG, hCS, hCT)

92
Q

monoamines

A

-synthesized from specific amino acids

93
Q

examples of monoamines

A

tryptophan–> melatonin
tyrosine–> catecholamines (EP, NE, TH, DA)

Anatomy and Physology II Lab (13 decks)

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