Anatomy of the Respiratory System Flashcards
The function of the respiratory system
-temperature regulation
-buffer/pH of the body
-remove C02
- allow the ability to talk
-bring in O2
vestibules
-space in the nostril
nasal septum
-lined with the mucosal membrane
-separates the right and left airways of the nasal cavity dividing the two nostrils
-contains septal cartilage and bony septum
Septal cartilage
composed of hyaline cartilage that provides structural support to the nasal cavity and midface
Bony septum
-consist of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone superiorly extending to the cribriform plate and vomer inferiorly
nasal conchae
-consist of superior, middle, and inferior
-ridges/bumps (thin bony scroll shaped) on the nasal septum (R, and L), mucus membrane on top
-provides a path for air to pass
-job to warm and conditioned air
nasal meatus
- meatus: tube-like opening in the bone
-job to warm and condition air, airflow direction, and filtering air inhaled through the nose
–located underneath the nasal conchae
-there is a superior, inferior, and middle
internal (posterior) nares
-also called choanae or posterior nasal apertures
-exit point for air out of the nasal cavity
palates
-located on the floor of the nasal cavity
-contains a hard and soft palate
hard palate
-its underlying bony structure consists of palatine process of maxillae and horizontal plate of palatine bb.
- makes up 2/3rds of the palate
soft palate
-uvula
-made of stratified squamous epithelium with secretory salivary glands
-very flexible, no bone
What are the paranasal sinuses
- frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid , maxillary
-they are mucus lined, holes that help lighten the skull pressure and condition the air
-helps trap debris, moisten and provides resonance
hyoid bone
-only non-articulate bone
-broke only when strangled
-a series of hyaline cartilage
-located in the neck, horseshoe-shaped bones, superior to the larynx
pharynx
-throat
-contains nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
-hollow tube starts behind the nose, goes down the neck, and ends at the top of the trachea and esophagus
-its job is to carry air, food, and fluid down from the nose and mouth
nasopharynx
-air is entering here
-upper part of the pharynx
-job is to connect your nasal passage to the rest of your respiratory system
oropharynx
-part of the pharynx that lies between the nasopharynx and laryngopharynx
-allows air, food, and fluid to pass through, theoretically should only be air
laryngopharynx
-located below the oropharynx
-allows food and air through
larynx
-called the voicebox
-contains the epiglottis, glottis, and cartilages (9)
-hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans/mammals
-job is to protect the lower respiratory tract from aspirating food into the trachea while breathing
epiglottis
-single upper flap, closes when swallowing to cover the larynx and protects the trachea
-made of elastic cartilage
glottis
-opening between vocal cords
-on the model, it is two white ridges (vocal cords)
-where air passes through, can close and expands
-job is sound production
What are the 6 laryngeal cartilages?
- thyroid (laryngeal prominence located there) (Adam’s apple)
- epiglottal
- cricoid (hyaline cartilage ring, fully encircles trachea)
- arytenoid (2) (help move vocal chord allowing relaxation)
- corniculate (2) (pointy tip connected to arytenoid)
- cuneiform (2) (helps hold vocal cords in place)
9 in total
What are the three unpaired laryngeal cartilages
- thyroid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
- epiglottal cartilage
vocal cords (folds)
-folds of membranous tissue that project inward from the sides of the larynx to form a slit across the glottis
-when edges vibrate they produce your voice
-these are the true cords
vestibular folds (false cords)
-smaller, superior to the true vocal cords, located above the true vocal cords
-shown with white paint
-no blood supply so tissues look white on a person
trachea
-windpipe
-contains C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings, trachealis muscle, carina
-the airway that leads from the larynx to the bronchi
-job is to carry oxygen-rich blood to lungs
C-shaped hyaline cartilage
-sit anteriorly, the backside of this is a muscle called trachealis
-they expand, contract, and flex
-located in trachea
trachealis muscle
-muscle that bridges the gap of the c-shaped hyaline cartilage
carina (tracheal bifurcation)
-where the windpipe split into the bronchi
what does the light blue color on the model indicate
hyaline cartilage
Bronchial tree
-contains the primary (main bronchi) (R and L), secondary (Lobar) bronchi, and Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
-job is to distribute air into the lungs
primary (main) bronchi
-left and right main bronchi in the upper portion of your lungs
-right bronchi is straight, this is where people aspirate it usually goes to the right side
secondary (lobar) bronchi
-near the middle of your lungs, first subdivision of primary bronchi
- there are 3 right secondary (lobar) bronchi
-there are 2 left secondary (lobar) bronchi
Tertiary (segmental) branch
- R and L branches that are multicolored on the model
Lungs
-have a base, apex, and surface (costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic)
- job is to facilitate gas exchange from the environment into the bloodstream
-located on each side of your heart in your chest cavity
Right lung is divided into how many lobes
three lobes (sections)
Left lung is divided into how many lobes
two lobes (sections)
base of the lung
-bottom part up against the diaphragm (inferior region)
apex of the lung
-pointy part of the lung (superior region)
costal surface of the lung
-faces the ribcage
mediastinal surface of the lung
-faces the mediastinum (space in-between lungs, where heart is)
diaphragmatic surface of the lung
-located under the mediastinal surface of the lung (underside)
cardiac notch
-on left lung, a white spot
-a concavity of the lung that forms to accommodate the heart
hilum (hilus)
Wedge-shaped region within mediastinal surface where secondary bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels & nerves attach
lobes
-right has superior, middle, and inferior
-left has superior, and inferior
fissures
-spaces which separate the lobes
-there are right fissures (horizontal and oblique-points downward here)
-there are left fissures (oblique-goes across)
pleurae
-serous membrane made of simple squamous
-three layers (parietal, visceral, and pleural cavity (space))
parietal pleura of the lung
-lines the thoracic cavity walls
visceral pleura of the lung
-membrane over lung surface- plastic wrap
pleural cavity (space) of the lung
-space filled with fluid (serous fluid)
-adds protection (shock, friction), fluid is on the outside to help lungs inflate
diaphragm
-bell-shaped muscle, helps you breath
-inhale: contract down, increases space
- exhale: push up, and relax
-if you damage phrenic nerve you will not be able to breath
