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Anatomy and Physology II Lab > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Blood

A
  1. Transport gases, nutrients, waste, cells, and hormones throughout the body
  2. transports O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, heat, and wastes
  3. regulate pH, temperature, and water content of cells
  4. Protects against blood loss through clotting
  5. protects against disease through phagocytotic white blood cells and antibodies
    * contains cholesterol and is a mixture of high and low-density forms
    * High LDL ==> plaque on the inside of arteries (cardiac disease/stroke)
    * High HDL ==> protects against heart disease
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2
Q

hemopoiesis

A

-the process by which blood cell components Is made

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3
Q

What percentage of plasma is found after spinning the blood tube

A

55%

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4
Q

What percentage of red blood cells is found after spinning the blood tube

A

45%

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5
Q

Blood constituents

A

-consist of cells and plasma
-if you treat blood with an anticoagulant and centrifuge it, the blood cells sediment leaving a supernatant of clear plasma

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6
Q

Erythrocytes (RBC): number of cells/mm3 (ul) of blood

A

4-6 million

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7
Q

Erythrocytes (red blood cells): function

A

-most numerous types of cells found in the blood
-mature RBCs make hemoglobin that binds oxygen and carbon dioxide which is transported

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8
Q

Erythrocytes (red blood cells): duration of development

A

about 15 days

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9
Q

Erythrocytes (red blood cells): life span

A

100-120 days

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10
Q

Erythrocytes: description

A

-biconcave
-anucleate disc
-salmon-colored
-diameter 7-8 um

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11
Q

Where are erythrocytes born and matured?

A

bone marrow

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12
Q

leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

-can move like an amoeba and migrate out of the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue

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13
Q

plasma

A

-consists of water (92%), lipids, salts, and glucose
-the proteins include hormones, salts include urea which are waste products of cells
-the proteins are mostly serum albumin and serum globulins

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14
Q

serum albumin

A

-made in the liver, helps to maintain the osmotic pressure of blood
-three types: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma
-Alpha: transports vitamin A
-Beta: transport transferrin
-Gamma: most antibodies are gamma globulins

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15
Q

Which white blood cells are granulocytes?

A
  • neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
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16
Q

Which white blood cells are agranulocytes?

A

-lymphocytes and monocytes

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17
Q

Neutrophils: description

A

-nucleus multilobed; inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules, diameter 10-12 um
-commonest type of WBC
-they self-destruct after one burst of activity
- are important in inflammatory reactions

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18
Q

Neutrophils: function

A

phagocytize bacteria

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19
Q

Neutrophils: number of cells/mm^3 (ul) of blood

A

3000-7000

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20
Q

Neutrophils: duration of developed

A

about 14 days

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21
Q

Neutrophils: life span

A

6 hours to a few days

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22
Q

Neutrophils: percentage of leukocytes

A

50-70% of leukocytes

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23
Q

Eosinophils: description

A

-nucleus bi-lobed
-red cytoplasmic granules
-diameter 10-14 um

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24
Q

Eosinophils: function

A
  • kill parasitic worms
    -destroys antigen-antibody complexes
    -inactivate some inflammatory chemicals of allergy
    -a high eosinophil count could indicate an allergic reaction
    also important in killing parasitic worms
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25
Q

Eosinophils: number of cells/mm^3 (ul) of blood

A

100-400

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26
Q

Eosinophils: duration of development

A

about 14 days

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27
Q

Eosinophils: life span

A

about 5 days

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28
Q

Eosinophils: percentage of leukocytes

A

2-4 %

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29
Q

Basophils: description

A

-nucleus lobed,
-large blue-purple cytoplasmic granules
-diameter 10-14 um
- the rarest type of WBC

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30
Q

Basophil: function

A

release histamines and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin an anticoagulant

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31
Q

Basophils: number of cells/mm^3 (ul) of blood

A

20-50

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32
Q

Basophils: duration of development

A

1-7 days

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33
Q

Basophils: life span

A

-a few hours to a few days

34
Q

Basophils: percentage of leukocytes

A

0.5-1%

35
Q

monocyte: description

A

-the nucleus is U-shaped or kidney
-gray-blue cytoplasm
-diameter is 14-24 um
-some can turn into osteoclast
-Monocytes are precursors to macrophages
-important in inflammatory response

36
Q

monocyte: function

A

phagocytosis, develop into macrophages in tissue

37
Q

monocytes: number of cells/mm^3 (ul) of blood

A

100-700

38
Q

monocytes: duration of development

A

2-3 days

39
Q

monocytes: life span

A

months

40
Q

monocytes: % of leukocytes

A

3-8%

41
Q

Lymphocyte: description

A

-nucleus spherical or indented
-pale-blue cytoplasm
-diameter: 5-17 um
-two main types T cells and B cells

42
Q

Lymphocytes: function

A

-mount immune responses by direct cell attack or via antibodies
-B cells develop into plasma cells which make antibodies
- T cells attack viruses, cancer cells, and transplant

43
Q

lymphocytes: number of cells/mm^3 (ul) of blood

A

1500-3000

44
Q

Lymphocytes: duration of development

A

days to weeks

45
Q

lymphocytes: span

A

hours to years

46
Q

lymphocytes: % of leukocytes

A

25-45 %

47
Q

platelets: description

A

-discoid cytoplasmic
-fragments containing granules
-stain deep purple
-diameter 2-4 um

48
Q

platelets: function

A

-seal small tears in blood vessels, instrumental in blood clotting

49
Q

platelets: number of cells/mm^3 (ul) of blood

A

150,000-400,000

50
Q

platelets: duration of development

A

4-5 days

51
Q

platelets: life span

A

5-10 days

52
Q

Anemia

A

-a reduction in the normal concentration of erythrocytes which leads to a declined oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

53
Q

aplastic anemia

A

occurs when bone marrow is destroyed due to toxins or poisons, results in decreased rate of erythropoiesis

54
Q

causes of aplastic anemia

A
  • cancer
    -radiation
    -injury (fracture)
55
Q

Nutritional anemia

A

occurs when an individual has a poor diet, typically low in protein or not enough iron (Fe), resulting in a decreased rate of erythropoiesis (called ghost cells)

56
Q

Nutritional anemia causes

A

-vegans/vegetarians
-babies and elderly

57
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

erythrocytes spontaneously lyse (undergo premature hemolysis)

58
Q

causes of hemolytic anemia

A

-IV of diluted water instead of saline
-snake bite
-wrong blood type

59
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

genetic disease resulting in the formation of sickle-shaped erythrocytes, this causes a decreased concentration of normal erythrocytes in circulation

60
Q

hemorrhagic anemia

A

occurs when an individual loses too much blood (usually due to severe injury or surgery
-can also be due to menstruation

61
Q

pernicious anemia

A

occurs when an individual produces a lowered amount of intrinsic factor (IF) from the stomach lining, resulting in the inability to absorb vitamin B12 through the lining of the intestine, without B12 erythropoiesis cannot occur
-in elderly has less of IF

62
Q

What are two blood test?

A
  1. hematocrit (Hct) Test
  2. Hemoglobin (Hb) Test ( Tallquist method)
63
Q

Hematocrit (Hct) Test

A

-used for determining the percentage of erythrocytes within a total blood volume
-a direct test for anemia
-always measured as a percentage

64
Q

What are the normal hematocrit values for men and women?

A

men: 47 +/- 7% (40-54%)
women: 42 +/- 5% (37-47%)

65
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb) Test

A

-also called the Tallquist method
-determine the amount of Hb within a blood sample
-an indirect test for anemia
-always measured in grams per deciliter (g/dL) or grams per 100 milliliters (g/100mL)

66
Q

What are the normal Hb values for men and women?

A

men: 13-18 g.dL (average 15.7)
women: 12-16 g.dL (average 13.8)

67
Q

What are the four blood types

A

A, AB, B, and O

68
Q

Blood type by population

A

Type O: most common 45%
Type A: next common 39%
Type B: 12%
Type AB: 4%

69
Q

What are agglutinogens

A

-antigens on erythrocytes

70
Q

What are agglutinins

A

-Antibodies in plasma

71
Q

Blood type A

A

-Agglutinogens (antigens): A
-Agglutinins (antibodies): Anti-B
-Can give blood to: A and AB
-can receive blood from: O and A

72
Q

Blood type B

A

-Agglutinogens (antigens): B
-Agglutinins (antibodies): Anti-A
-Can give blood to: B and AB
-can receive blood from: O, and B

73
Q

Blood type AB

A

-Agglutinogens (antigens): A and B
-Agglutinins (antibodies): none
-Can give blood to: AB
-can receive blood from: O, A, B, and AB

74
Q

Blood type O

A

-Agglutinogens (antigens): none
-Agglutinins (antibodies): Anti-B and Anti-A
-Can give blood to: O, A, B, AB
-can receive blood from: O

75
Q

What is agglutination

A

clumping

76
Q

Rh factor

A

-found in Rhesus monkeys
-an individual who possesses this antigen is designated RH+
-An individual who lacks this antigen is designated RH-
-RH+ is seen as dominant over RH-
-anti-Rh antibodies are not normally present in the plasma but can be produced upon exposure and sensitization

77
Q

How can sensitization occur to produce RH antibodies?

A
  1. blood transfusion (RH+ blood transfused to RH- recipient)
  2. when an RH- mother carriers a RH+ baby
78
Q

Why is it necessary to match the donor’s blood and the recipient’s blood before a transfusion ?

A

-do not want a rejection response (attacking the body)

79
Q

What is the basis of ABO typing

A

genetics

80
Q

How to read a hematocrit test

A

-contain a capillary tube that is filled with a patient’s blood which is then centrifuged and spun for 5 minutes at high speed, what is left is a separated sample with clear plasma on top and RBC on the bottom
1. Line the bottom of the sample up with 0, then slide the tube in either direction along the grid until the bottom is at 0 and the top of the plasma fluid is aligned with the 100% top line
2. Read where the RBC end at that border to ger percentage of erythrocytes

81
Q

What is the buffy coat

A

layer of white blood cells and platelets

82
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Rh incompatibility, which may develop when a woman with Rh-negative blood is impregnated by a man with Rh-positive blood and conceives a fetus with Rh-positive blood
-the body may start attacking the fetus causing this disease, it is not bad for the first baby but can cause problems later on

Anatomy and Physology II Lab (13 decks)

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