Blood Flashcards
Functions of Blood
- Transport gases, nutrients, waste, cells, and hormones throughout the body
- transports O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, heat, and wastes
- regulate pH, temperature, and water content of cells
- Protects against blood loss through clotting
- protects against disease through phagocytotic white blood cells and antibodies
* contains cholesterol and is a mixture of high and low-density forms
* High LDL ==> plaque on the inside of arteries (cardiac disease/stroke)
* High HDL ==> protects against heart disease
hemopoiesis
-the process by which blood cell components Is made
What percentage of plasma is found after spinning the blood tube
55%
What percentage of red blood cells is found after spinning the blood tube
45%
Blood constituents
-consist of cells and plasma
-if you treat blood with an anticoagulant and centrifuge it, the blood cells sediment leaving a supernatant of clear plasma
Erythrocytes (RBC): number of cells/mm3 (ul) of blood
4-6 million
Erythrocytes (red blood cells): function
-most numerous types of cells found in the blood
-mature RBCs make hemoglobin that binds oxygen and carbon dioxide which is transported
Erythrocytes (red blood cells): duration of development
about 15 days
Erythrocytes (red blood cells): life span
100-120 days
Erythrocytes: description
-biconcave
-anucleate disc
-salmon-colored
-diameter 7-8 um
Where are erythrocytes born and matured?
bone marrow
leukocytes (white blood cells)
-can move like an amoeba and migrate out of the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue
plasma
-consists of water (92%), lipids, salts, and glucose
-the proteins include hormones, salts include urea which are waste products of cells
-the proteins are mostly serum albumin and serum globulins
serum albumin
-made in the liver, helps to maintain the osmotic pressure of blood
-three types: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma
-Alpha: transports vitamin A
-Beta: transport transferrin
-Gamma: most antibodies are gamma globulins
Which white blood cells are granulocytes?
- neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Which white blood cells are agranulocytes?
-lymphocytes and monocytes
Neutrophils: description
-nucleus multilobed; inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules, diameter 10-12 um
-commonest type of WBC
-they self-destruct after one burst of activity
- are important in inflammatory reactions
Neutrophils: function
phagocytize bacteria
Neutrophils: number of cells/mm^3 (ul) of blood
3000-7000
Neutrophils: duration of developed
about 14 days
Neutrophils: life span
6 hours to a few days
Neutrophils: percentage of leukocytes
50-70% of leukocytes
Eosinophils: description
-nucleus bi-lobed
-red cytoplasmic granules
-diameter 10-14 um
Eosinophils: function
- kill parasitic worms
-destroys antigen-antibody complexes
-inactivate some inflammatory chemicals of allergy
-a high eosinophil count could indicate an allergic reaction
also important in killing parasitic worms
Eosinophils: number of cells/mm^3 (ul) of blood
100-400
Eosinophils: duration of development
about 14 days
Eosinophils: life span
about 5 days
Eosinophils: percentage of leukocytes
2-4 %
Basophils: description
-nucleus lobed,
-large blue-purple cytoplasmic granules
-diameter 10-14 um
- the rarest type of WBC
Basophil: function
release histamines and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin an anticoagulant
Basophils: number of cells/mm^3 (ul) of blood
20-50
Basophils: duration of development
1-7 days
Basophils: life span
-a few hours to a few days
Basophils: percentage of leukocytes
0.5-1%
monocyte: description
-the nucleus is U-shaped or kidney
-gray-blue cytoplasm
-diameter is 14-24 um
-some can turn into osteoclast
-Monocytes are precursors to macrophages
-important in inflammatory response
monocyte: function
phagocytosis, develop into macrophages in tissue
monocytes: number of cells/mm^3 (ul) of blood
100-700
monocytes: duration of development
2-3 days
monocytes: life span
months
monocytes: % of leukocytes
3-8%
Lymphocyte: description
-nucleus spherical or indented
-pale-blue cytoplasm
-diameter: 5-17 um
-two main types T cells and B cells
Lymphocytes: function
-mount immune responses by direct cell attack or via antibodies
-B cells develop into plasma cells which make antibodies
- T cells attack viruses, cancer cells, and transplant
lymphocytes: number of cells/mm^3 (ul) of blood
1500-3000
Lymphocytes: duration of development
days to weeks
lymphocytes: span
hours to years
lymphocytes: % of leukocytes
25-45 %
platelets: description
-discoid cytoplasmic
-fragments containing granules
-stain deep purple
-diameter 2-4 um
platelets: function
-seal small tears in blood vessels, instrumental in blood clotting
platelets: number of cells/mm^3 (ul) of blood
150,000-400,000
platelets: duration of development
4-5 days
platelets: life span
5-10 days
Anemia
-a reduction in the normal concentration of erythrocytes which leads to a declined oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
aplastic anemia
occurs when bone marrow is destroyed due to toxins or poisons, results in decreased rate of erythropoiesis
causes of aplastic anemia
- cancer
-radiation
-injury (fracture)
Nutritional anemia
occurs when an individual has a poor diet, typically low in protein or not enough iron (Fe), resulting in a decreased rate of erythropoiesis (called ghost cells)
Nutritional anemia causes
-vegans/vegetarians
-babies and elderly
hemolytic anemia
erythrocytes spontaneously lyse (undergo premature hemolysis)
causes of hemolytic anemia
-IV of diluted water instead of saline
-snake bite
-wrong blood type
sickle cell anemia
genetic disease resulting in the formation of sickle-shaped erythrocytes, this causes a decreased concentration of normal erythrocytes in circulation
hemorrhagic anemia
occurs when an individual loses too much blood (usually due to severe injury or surgery
-can also be due to menstruation
pernicious anemia
occurs when an individual produces a lowered amount of intrinsic factor (IF) from the stomach lining, resulting in the inability to absorb vitamin B12 through the lining of the intestine, without B12 erythropoiesis cannot occur
-in elderly has less of IF
What are two blood test?
- hematocrit (Hct) Test
- Hemoglobin (Hb) Test ( Tallquist method)
Hematocrit (Hct) Test
-used for determining the percentage of erythrocytes within a total blood volume
-a direct test for anemia
-always measured as a percentage
What are the normal hematocrit values for men and women?
men: 47 +/- 7% (40-54%)
women: 42 +/- 5% (37-47%)
Hemoglobin (Hb) Test
-also called the Tallquist method
-determine the amount of Hb within a blood sample
-an indirect test for anemia
-always measured in grams per deciliter (g/dL) or grams per 100 milliliters (g/100mL)
What are the normal Hb values for men and women?
men: 13-18 g.dL (average 15.7)
women: 12-16 g.dL (average 13.8)
What are the four blood types
A, AB, B, and O
Blood type by population
Type O: most common 45%
Type A: next common 39%
Type B: 12%
Type AB: 4%
What are agglutinogens
-antigens on erythrocytes
What are agglutinins
-Antibodies in plasma
Blood type A
-Agglutinogens (antigens): A
-Agglutinins (antibodies): Anti-B
-Can give blood to: A and AB
-can receive blood from: O and A
Blood type B
-Agglutinogens (antigens): B
-Agglutinins (antibodies): Anti-A
-Can give blood to: B and AB
-can receive blood from: O, and B
Blood type AB
-Agglutinogens (antigens): A and B
-Agglutinins (antibodies): none
-Can give blood to: AB
-can receive blood from: O, A, B, and AB
Blood type O
-Agglutinogens (antigens): none
-Agglutinins (antibodies): Anti-B and Anti-A
-Can give blood to: O, A, B, AB
-can receive blood from: O
What is agglutination
clumping
Rh factor
-found in Rhesus monkeys
-an individual who possesses this antigen is designated RH+
-An individual who lacks this antigen is designated RH-
-RH+ is seen as dominant over RH-
-anti-Rh antibodies are not normally present in the plasma but can be produced upon exposure and sensitization
How can sensitization occur to produce RH antibodies?
- blood transfusion (RH+ blood transfused to RH- recipient)
- when an RH- mother carriers a RH+ baby
Why is it necessary to match the donor’s blood and the recipient’s blood before a transfusion ?
-do not want a rejection response (attacking the body)
What is the basis of ABO typing
genetics
How to read a hematocrit test
-contain a capillary tube that is filled with a patient’s blood which is then centrifuged and spun for 5 minutes at high speed, what is left is a separated sample with clear plasma on top and RBC on the bottom
1. Line the bottom of the sample up with 0, then slide the tube in either direction along the grid until the bottom is at 0 and the top of the plasma fluid is aligned with the 100% top line
2. Read where the RBC end at that border to ger percentage of erythrocytes
What is the buffy coat
layer of white blood cells and platelets
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh incompatibility, which may develop when a woman with Rh-negative blood is impregnated by a man with Rh-positive blood and conceives a fetus with Rh-positive blood
-the body may start attacking the fetus causing this disease, it is not bad for the first baby but can cause problems later on
