- from here the urine flows into the renal pelvis -they unite to form the renal pelvis

- has contractions to squeeze urine -retroperitoneal -transport urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder - 19-12 inches long (25-30 cm) -extend from the renal pelvis - enters the bladder near its base

Anatomy of the Urinary system Flashcards by Keyarra S

Kidney

-located in abdominopelvic region (retroperitoneal-exterior)

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capsules

-encloses the kidney
-made of fibrous, connective tissue with some adipose

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renal cortex

-contains renal columns which is where cortex regions push into the center
-connective tissue extension that radiates downward from the cortex to the medulla
-separates the renal pyramids and renal papillae

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renal medullary

-where the medullary pyramids are found
-they are separated into 8-12 conical regions
-this is where waste and collection occur

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base of medullary pyramid

-found at the corticomedullary junction

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Papilla of medullary pyramids

-located at minor renal calyces (point of pyramid)
-has a sieve like appearance where it collects and channels the urine droplets into the calyx that empties into the ureter

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Minor renal calyces

-surrounds the renal papillae of each pyramid and collects urine from that pyramid

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major renal calyces

from here the urine flows into the renal pelvis
-they unite to form the renal pelvis

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renal pelvis

-the area of the center of the kidney
-urine is collected here and funneled into the ureter (connects the kidney to the bladder)

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nephron

-active functional unit of the kidney
-consist of the glomerulus and its associated renal tubule
-plays a role in the filtration and purification of blood

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renal corpuscle

-consist of the glomerular (bowman’s capsule)
-the blood-filtering component of the nephron, located in the renal cortex

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Bowman’s capsule

-is a part of the nephron that forms a cup-like sac surrounding the glomerulus
-encloses a space called the bowman’s space

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glomerulus

-high-pressure event, non-selective will squeeze anything out
-cluster capillaries around the end of a kidney tubule. where waste products are filtered out from the blood

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renal tubules

-made of simple cuboidal epithelial
-millions of tiny tubes in the kidney that returns nutrients, fluids, and other substances filtered from the blood that the body needs back

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proximal tubule

consist of
-convoluted proximal tubule: segment responsible for the reabsorption and secretion of various solutes and water, the first segment of the renal tubule
straight proximal tubule

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loop of Henle

-long U shape portion of the tubule that conducts urine within each nephron of the kidney
-function is to recover water and sodium chloride from urine

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distal tubule

-consist of
distal convoluted tubule: portion of the kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting tube
distal straight tubule
-made of cuboidal epithelial
-partly responsible for the regulation of potassium, sodium, calcium, and pH.

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collecting duct

-the final component of the kidney that consists of a series of tubules and ducts that connect the nephrons to the ureter
-It participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion,

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Blood flow through the kidney and nephron

Abdominal aorta
renal artery
segmental (lobar) artery
interlobar artery
arcuate artery
cortical radiate (interlobular) artery
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries (including vasa recta)
cortical radiate (interlobular) vein
arcuate vein
interlobar vein
renal vein
inferior vena cava

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ureter

has contractions to squeeze urine
-retroperitoneal
-transport urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
19-12 inches long (25-30 cm)
-extend from the renal pelvis
enters the bladder near its base

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urinary bladder

-temporary storage reserve for urine
-located in the pelvic cavity
- a hollow muscular organ located behind the pubic symphysis
- the epithelium is transitional

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urethra

-tube that lets urine leave your bladder and your body
-longer in males and shorter in females

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Composition of urine

-water (95%)
-solutes (5%)

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What is mostly in urine

-urea (most common nitrogen-based waste product)
-salts (NaCl, KCl)

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What is in lesser amounts in urine

-phosphate ions (PO4 -3) (HPO4 -20 (H2PO4 -1) -sulfate ions (SO4 -2) -other nitrogenous waste (creatine, and uric acid)

What is in trace amounts in urine

-Ca2+ -Mg2+ -HCO2-1

urinalyses

-examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine (testing urine composition)

color of urine

-pale yellow to deep amber depending on the concentration of urochrome pigments

clasrity/transparency of urine

-clear not cloudy

smell/odor of urie

slightly aromatic

pH of urine

4.5-8.2 (usually around 6.0/ slightly acidic)

the specific gravity of urine

the density of urine compared with the density of distilled water -1.001 (dilute urine) to 1.03 (concentrated urine)

glucose in urine

substance: glucose name of condition: glycosuria possible cause: diabetes mellitus

hemoglobin (breakdown to urobilinogen)

substance: hemoglobulin name of condition: hemoglobinuria possible causes: transfusion reactions

protein (albumin) in urine

substance: protein name of condition: proteinuria (albuminuria) possible causes: pregnancy

ketones (ketone bodies)-acetoacetic acid, beta (B)- hydroxybutyric acid, acetone)

substance: ketones name of condition: ketonuria possible causes: starvation

erythrocytes in urine

substance: erythrocytes name of condition: hematuria possible causes: menstruation

leukocytes (WBC) in urine

substance: WBC name of condition: pyuria (Pus in urine) possible causes: urinary tract infection

bilirubin (bile pigment) in urine

substance: bilirubin name of condition: bilirubinemia possible causes: liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis)

Casts or sediments

-hardened, usually cylindrical, cell fragments flushed out of the urinary tract -could be from RBC or WBC

Normal composition of urine

-average pH of 6.0 - composed of 95% water -has urea, creatine, uric acid, urochrome

urea

-waste product of amino acid breakdown

creatine

-the waste product of creatine phosphate (in muscle)

uric acid

-waste product of the nucleic acid breakdown

urochrome

-waste product of hemoglobin breakdown

What ions are in the normal composition of urine

-sodium (Na+) - potassium (K+) -chloride (Cl-) -Magnesium (Mg2+) - calcium (Ca 2+) - ammonium ions (NH4+)

Urine volume

1.5 Liters per day -less than 1% of filtrate generated per day (180)L

urinalysis

-used to diagnose a variety of clinical conditions associated with the urinary system

protein in urine

name: proteinuria or albuminuria possible cause: hypertension/ glomerulonephritis

glucose in urine

Name: glycosuria possible cause: diabetes mellitus

erythrocytes (RBCs) in urine

Name: hematuria possible causes: kidney stones or renal/bladder cancer

Leukocytes (WBCs) in urine

Name: pyuria possible causes: urinary tract infection

ketones in urine

Name: ketonuria possible causes: diabetes mellitus or starvation (or low carb diet)

bile pigments in urine

-Name: bilirubinuria possible causes: liver causes or obstruction of bile ducts

hemoglobin in urine

Name: hemoglobinuria possible causes: hemolytic anemia

trigone

-smooth triangular region upon the inner lining of the base of the urinary bladder outlined by the openings of the ureters and urethra

Layers of the urinary bladder

1. epithelium 2. smooth muscle (detrusor muscle) 3. fibrous adventitia (or peritoneum)

Internal urethra sphincter

-located around the opening of the urethra -involuntary/ controlled by the autonomic nervous system -prevents leaking (dribbling) between voiding

External urethra sphincter

-located 2 cm below the internal sphincter -surround the urethra as it passes through the urogenital diaphragm -formed by skeletal muscle and under conscious control

urethra

-the length and function of the urethra differs in the two sexes -extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Urethra in males

-in males, it is longer part of both the urinary and reproductive systems. It passes through the prostate glands and penis and transports urine and semen

Urethra in females

-transports urine only

Urethral orifice

-opening of the urethra to the outside of the body