Anatomy of the Urinary system Flashcards
Kidney
-located in abdominopelvic region (retroperitoneal-exterior)
capsules
-encloses the kidney
-made of fibrous, connective tissue with some adipose
renal cortex
-contains renal columns which is where cortex regions push into the center
-connective tissue extension that radiates downward from the cortex to the medulla
-separates the renal pyramids and renal papillae
renal medullary
-where the medullary pyramids are found
-they are separated into 8-12 conical regions
-this is where waste and collection occur
base of medullary pyramid
-found at the corticomedullary junction
Papilla of medullary pyramids
-located at minor renal calyces (point of pyramid)
-has a sieve like appearance where it collects and channels the urine droplets into the calyx that empties into the ureter
Minor renal calyces
-surrounds the renal papillae of each pyramid and collects urine from that pyramid
major renal calyces
- from here the urine flows into the renal pelvis
-they unite to form the renal pelvis
renal pelvis
-the area of the center of the kidney
-urine is collected here and funneled into the ureter (connects the kidney to the bladder)
nephron
-active functional unit of the kidney
-consist of the glomerulus and its associated renal tubule
-plays a role in the filtration and purification of blood
renal corpuscle
-consist of the glomerular (bowman’s capsule)
-the blood-filtering component of the nephron, located in the renal cortex
Bowman’s capsule
-is a part of the nephron that forms a cup-like sac surrounding the glomerulus
-encloses a space called the bowman’s space
glomerulus
-high-pressure event, non-selective will squeeze anything out
-cluster capillaries around the end of a kidney tubule. where waste products are filtered out from the blood
renal tubules
-made of simple cuboidal epithelial
-millions of tiny tubes in the kidney that returns nutrients, fluids, and other substances filtered from the blood that the body needs back
proximal tubule
consist of
-convoluted proximal tubule: segment responsible for the reabsorption and secretion of various solutes and water, the first segment of the renal tubule
straight proximal tubule
loop of Henle
-long U shape portion of the tubule that conducts urine within each nephron of the kidney
-function is to recover water and sodium chloride from urine
distal tubule
-consist of
distal convoluted tubule: portion of the kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting tube
distal straight tubule
-made of cuboidal epithelial
-partly responsible for the regulation of potassium, sodium, calcium, and pH.
collecting duct
-the final component of the kidney that consists of a series of tubules and ducts that connect the nephrons to the ureter
-It participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion,
Blood flow through the kidney and nephron
- Abdominal aorta
- renal artery
- segmental (lobar) artery
- interlobar artery
- arcuate artery
- cortical radiate (interlobular) artery
- afferent arteriole
- glomerulus
- efferent arteriole
- peritubular capillaries (including vasa recta)
- cortical radiate (interlobular) vein
- arcuate vein
- interlobar vein
- renal vein
- inferior vena cava
ureter
- has contractions to squeeze urine
-retroperitoneal
-transport urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder - 19-12 inches long (25-30 cm)
-extend from the renal pelvis - enters the bladder near its base
urinary bladder
-temporary storage reserve for urine
-located in the pelvic cavity
- a hollow muscular organ located behind the pubic symphysis
- the epithelium is transitional
urethra
-tube that lets urine leave your bladder and your body
-longer in males and shorter in females
Composition of urine
-water (95%)
-solutes (5%)
What is mostly in urine
-urea (most common nitrogen-based waste product)
-salts (NaCl, KCl)
What is in lesser amounts in urine
-phosphate ions (PO4 -3) (HPO4 -20 (H2PO4 -1)
-sulfate ions (SO4 -2)
-other nitrogenous waste (creatine, and uric acid)
What is in trace amounts in urine
-Ca2+
-Mg2+
-HCO2-1
urinalyses
-examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine (testing urine composition)
color of urine
-pale yellow to deep amber depending on the concentration of urochrome pigments
clasrity/transparency of urine
-clear not cloudy
smell/odor of urie
slightly aromatic
pH of urine
4.5-8.2 (usually around 6.0/ slightly acidic)
the specific gravity of urine
the density of urine compared with the density of distilled water
-1.001 (dilute urine) to 1.03 (concentrated urine)
glucose in urine
substance: glucose
name of condition: glycosuria
possible cause: diabetes mellitus
hemoglobin (breakdown to urobilinogen)
substance: hemoglobulin
name of condition: hemoglobinuria
possible causes: transfusion reactions
protein (albumin) in urine
substance: protein
name of condition: proteinuria (albuminuria)
possible causes: pregnancy
ketones (ketone bodies)-acetoacetic acid, beta (B)- hydroxybutyric acid, acetone)
substance: ketones
name of condition: ketonuria
possible causes: starvation
erythrocytes in urine
substance: erythrocytes
name of condition: hematuria
possible causes: menstruation
leukocytes (WBC) in urine
substance: WBC
name of condition: pyuria (Pus in urine)
possible causes: urinary tract infection
bilirubin (bile pigment) in urine
substance: bilirubin
name of condition: bilirubinemia
possible causes: liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis)
Casts or sediments
-hardened, usually cylindrical, cell fragments flushed out of the urinary tract
-could be from RBC or WBC
Normal composition of urine
-average pH of 6.0
- composed of 95% water
-has urea, creatine, uric acid, urochrome
urea
-waste product of amino acid breakdown
creatine
-the waste product of creatine phosphate (in muscle)
uric acid
-waste product of the nucleic acid breakdown
urochrome
-waste product of hemoglobin breakdown
What ions are in the normal composition of urine
-sodium (Na+)
- potassium (K+)
-chloride (Cl-)
-Magnesium (Mg2+)
- calcium (Ca 2+)
- ammonium ions (NH4+)
Urine volume
1.5 Liters per day
-less than 1% of filtrate generated per day (180)L
urinalysis
-used to diagnose a variety of clinical conditions associated with the urinary system
protein in urine
name: proteinuria or albuminuria
possible cause: hypertension/ glomerulonephritis
glucose in urine
Name: glycosuria
possible cause: diabetes mellitus
erythrocytes (RBCs) in urine
Name: hematuria
possible causes: kidney stones or renal/bladder cancer
Leukocytes (WBCs) in urine
Name: pyuria
possible causes: urinary tract infection
ketones in urine
Name: ketonuria
possible causes: diabetes mellitus or starvation (or low carb diet)
bile pigments in urine
-Name: bilirubinuria
possible causes: liver causes or obstruction of bile ducts
hemoglobin in urine
Name: hemoglobinuria
possible causes: hemolytic anemia
trigone
-smooth triangular region upon the inner lining of the base of the urinary bladder outlined by the openings of the ureters and urethra
Layers of the urinary bladder
- epithelium
- smooth muscle (detrusor muscle)
- fibrous adventitia (or peritoneum)
Internal urethra sphincter
-located around the opening of the urethra
-involuntary/ controlled by the autonomic nervous system
-prevents leaking (dribbling) between voiding
External urethra sphincter
-located 2 cm below the internal sphincter
-surround the urethra as it passes through the urogenital diaphragm
-formed by skeletal muscle and under conscious control
urethra
-the length and function of the urethra differs in the two sexes
-extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
Urethra in males
-in males, it is longer part of both the urinary and reproductive systems. It passes through the prostate glands and penis and transports urine and semen
Urethra in females
-transports urine only
Urethral orifice
-opening of the urethra to the outside of the body
