Hormones

Question 1

describe the simple endocrine pathway and give an ex of it

Answer 1

a stimulus acts on endocrine cell that releases a hormone to th effector
ex, BGL

Question 2

describe the simple neuroendocrine pathway and give an ex of it

Answer 2

stimulus that acts on part of the brain (hypothalamus or pituitary) to release hormones into blood to target effectors(stimulus–> hypothalamus–> hormone to endocrine cell(posterior put) –> target)
ex, suckling of breast stimulates hypothalamus to posterior pituitary to release oxytocin into blood that targets smooth muscles in breast to contract and release milk

Question 3

describe the hormone cascade pathway and give an ex

Answer 3

hypothalamus releases a releasing hormone to the portal blood vessel which triggers AP to release the hormone that goes to the effectors
ex, hypothalamus releases prolactin releasing hormone to portal blood vessels to stimulate AP to release prolactin to mammary glands to produce milk

Question 4

ex of hormones that uses transmembrane receptors

Answer 4

peptides/amines, oxytocin, FSH/LH, glucagon/insulin, thyroxine/epinephrine

Question 5

ex of hormones that use cytoplasmic receptors

Answer 5

steroids, cortisol, NO

Question 6

epinephrine effect on intestinal blood vessel, skeletal muscle blood vessel, liver cells:

Answer 6

intestine: vessel constricts
Skeletal: vessel dilates
Liver: release glucose

Question 7

What endocrine pathway is posterior and anterior pituitary associated with

Answer 7

Posterior: neuroendocrine
Anterior: hormone cascade

Question 8

where are neuroendocrine hormones synthesized?

Answer 8

hypothalamus

Question 9

which hormones are released from the posterior pituitary

Answer 9

ADH, oxytocin

Question 10

detail the regulation of ADH

Answer 10

osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect rise in blood osmolarity &ntrigger release of ADH from posterior pituitary and travels through blood to kidneys where more water is absorbed, blood osmolarity decreases.

Question 11

What blocks release of ADH

Answer 11

ethanol

Question 12

list tropic hormones

Answer 12

FSH/LH, GH, ACTH, TSH

Question 13

list nontropic hormones

Answer 13

prolactin, MSH, endorphins, GH

Question 14

define tropic and nontropic

Answer 14

nontropic: directly regulates tissues that are not endocrine glands
tropic: regulates endocrine glands to release another hormone

Question 15

detail the tropic and nontropic pathway for GH

Answer 15

Non-tropic: GH secreted from AP to all cells for aa uptake

Tropic: GH secreted from AP to liver cells to release IGF to simulate bone and cartilage growth

Question 16

underproduction of GH in childhood results in _________
overproduction of GH in childhood results in _________
overproduction of GH in adulthood results in ________

Answer 16

pituitary dwarfism
gigantism
acromegaly

Question 17

function of thyroxine/thyroid

Answer 17

inc basal metabolic rate, fat breakdown cold stimulates TRH release from hypothalamus

Question 18

what is thyroxine made from

Answer 18

tyrosine

Question 19

T/F: Thyroid produces mostly T3

Answer 19

False, it produces more T4 but T3 is more active b/c its receptors have higher affinity. T4 can be converted to T3 by an enzyme in blood

Question 20

What causes iodine deficiency?

Answer 20

production of inactive thyroxine (non-iodated), inactive form can’t turn off by neg fdbk, working hard to produce more–> goiter

Question 21

hypothyroidism symptoms/conditions/causes

Answer 21

not enough active thyroxine
low metabolism, goiter, lethargic, cold intolerance, cretinism in children
results from iodine deficiency or genetics

Question 22

hyperthyroidism symptoms/conditions/causes

Answer 22

too much active thyroxine
goiter, high metabolism, weight loss
neg fdbck fails from Grave’s- incorrect antibody is synthesized from a mutagenic TSH receptor and can induce conformational change–> thyroid thinks there is thyroxine but its just the mimic antibody

Question 23

adrenal medulla & cortex

Answer 23

medulla: under nervous system control, produces epinephrine & norepinephrine
cortex: under hormonal control, secretes cortisol when recepts ACTH

Question 24

Catecholamine pathway

Answer 24

tyrosine–> L-dopa–> dopamine–> norepinephrine–> epinephrine

Question 25

What two diff types of receptors do epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to. Which ones for each?

Answer 25

alpha and beta GPCRs

Epinephrine binds to beta and alpha equally, norepinephrine tends to alpha

Question 26

what are beta blockers

Answer 26

drugs that only inactivate beta adrenergic, leaves alpha alone so norepinephrine can regulate bp

Question 27

what does the cortex use as a backbone to produce sex steroids, mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids?

Answer 27

cholesterol

Question 28

detail release of cortisol

Answer 28

frightening stimulus releases CRH from hypothalamus to AP which releases ACTH to adrenal cortex which releases cortisol

Question 29

provide an ex of a glucocorticoid and its funciton

Answer 29

cortisol; promotes gluconeogenesis

Question 30

why is the cortisol response slower than epin/norepin

Answer 30

adrenal medulla is connected to the nervous system

adrenal cortex is connected to the hormonal system

Question 31

what are short term symptoms of stress signal

Answer 31

inc bp, heart & metabolic rate, glycogen breakdown

-blocked by beta blockers

Question 32

long term effects of stress

Answer 32

inc blood glucose, immune suppressed, fats break down

Question 33

what causes cretinism

Answer 33

hypothyroidism in children