Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BSCI 1511 > Evolution & Signal Trans (lect 1&2) > Flashcards

Evolution & Signal Trans (lect 1&2) Flashcards

1
Q

Random processes

A

mutation & sex recombo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

non-random processes

A

natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T/F: Not all adaptations are optimally intelligent?

A

T: The human throat is an ex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T/F: Chimps are more related to gorillas than humans are

A

F: chimp and humans are more closely related than chimps and gorillas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are phylogenetic trees based on

A

mito rRNA seq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what evidence supports the theory of evolution

A

fossil record, artificial selection, phylogenetic similarities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is adaptive radiation and provide an example

A

opening of many new niches

bats learning how to fly enabled them to eat nectar, blood, or fruits, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 2 facts and conclusion that can be drawn from the theory of evolution

A

1- repro rates of all organisms are high; if mortality rates did not balance repro rates..populations would quickly rise
2- all organisms are variable and offspring are similar to parents due to heritable features
conclusion- diff among individuals influence how well those individuals survive and repro; traits that inc probability that their bearers will repro successfully will get passed on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why don’t “gaps” in the fossil record discredit the theory of evolution

A

gaps are time periods when rapid change occurred–> punctuated equilibrium
cetaceans had gaps, but fossils transitioning from land to see were found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

types of phylogenetic similarities

A

morphology/anatomy, vestigial organs, comparative embryology, comparative biochem/genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what method of dating fossils is used and why

A

radiometric dating; radioactive decay is not influenced by temp, pressure or other env variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

analogous vs homologous limbs

A

analogous: no common ancestor, convergent evol, shaped by env, diff bones, same function
homologous; common ancestor, diff function same bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

explain “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”

A

the steps of an individual’s dev recreates the history of that specie’s evol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

provide an ex of comparative embryology

A

we have gill slits and post-anal tail just like chickens do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is used to date younger fossils?older?

A

carbon-14–> carbon-12;

potassium-40–> argon-40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 3 stages of signaling

A

reception, transduction, response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 2 main groups of receptors. what are the 3 subgroups of receptors?

A

Main: cytoplasmic, transmembrane
Sub: (transmembrane) G protein linked, enzyme linked, ion channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are some types of secondary messengers

A

cAMP, cGMP, Ca+2, DAG, IP3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 3 parts to the cell theory

A

1) living organisms are composed of cells
2) cell is basic functional unit of life
3) all cells come from pre-existing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe the 5 main types of signaling

A

1) gap junctions (direct)- small molecules can pass btwn cells that are connected by gap junctions w/o crossing the membrane. cytoplasm is continuous via pores formed by connexon
2) autocrine (indirect)- sending & receiving signals are the same..releases a factor that itself has a receptor for
3) paracrine (indirect)- receiving cells is near sender, ex. histamine, EGF
4) hormonal (indirect)- sim to paracrine but longer distance
5) synaptic (indirect)- electrical signals stimulate neurotransmitter release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how many transmembrane helices do GPCRs, G proteins, and RTKs have respectively

A

7, 3, 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

detail GPCR pathway

A

ligand binds to GPCR, GPCR undergoes conformational change, interacts w an inactive G protein bound to GDP. Interaction stimulates activation of G protein so drops off GDP, picks up GTP, and activates effector protein via alpha subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do Gs, Gi, and Gq proteins stimulate?

A

Gs- stimulates adenylyl cyclase
Gi- inhibits adenylyl cyclase
Gq- stimulates phospholipase C (PLC)

24
Q

detail RTK pathway

A

ligand binding causes dimerization and cytoplasm domains are brought close together. domains are composed of kinases (tyr residues) which transautophosphorylates. When both domains are phosphorylated, can stimulate phosphorylation of next protein

25
describe the 2 methods dimerization occurs
1) ligand mediated- one large symmetric ligand that physically brings domains closer when bound to inactive monomers 2) receptor mediated- 2 ligand molecules that causes conformational change when bound to inactive monomers due to hydrophobic regions
26
provide function and ex of ligand-gated ion channel
binding of ligand on one part of the molecule that opens a channel for ions to flow ex. IP3 receptor opens channels for Ca+2 Ryanodine receptor opens channels for Ca+2 ACh binds to extracellular surface of ACh receptor and opens Na+ channels for Na+ to enter cell
27
what does adenylyl cylcase do
makes cAMP from ATP by removing the pyrophosphate | takes alpha-beta bond in phosphates and cyclizes it to the hydroxyl group of ribose
28
function of cAMP phosphodiesterase
inactivates cAMP by breaking a bond and recycles it to 5' AMP which is inactive for signal transduction
29
what inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase
caffeine
30
What did Earl Sutherland deduce from his experiments
found that both intact and extracted liver cells break down glycogen when introduced with epinephrine. Centrifuged extract into pellet (nucleic acids, organelles) and supernatant (cytoplasm, solubles) and found when P+S+E all together, glycogen gets broken down. Took fractionated weights of E+P and added to S and found cAMP was in the fraction that broke down glycogen
31
functions of cAMP
activates PKA
32
which proteins are in the pellet fraction
receptor, G protein, adenylyl cyclase
33
which proteins are in the supernatant fraction
PKA, phosphorylase kinase, glycogen phosphorylase
34
detail activation of PKA by cAMP
cAMP binds to regulatory subunits & releases catalytic subunits that are now active to phosphorylate
35
function of PKA
PKA phosphorylates phosphorylase kinase, inactivates glycogen synthase, or txn factors like CREB
36
function of phosphorylase kinase
activates glycogen phosphorylase by phosphorylation when active
37
function of glycogen phosphorylase
breaks down glycogen into glucose through phosphorylation
38
function of PLC (phospholipase C)
breaks PIP2 into IP3 and DAG
39
what activates PKC?
DAG and Ca+2 together
40
Function of Calmodulin
calmodulin has 4 diff Ca+2 binding sites and when they are all bound, undergoes conformational change and can interact w/ portions of other enzymes w/ CaM binding domains
41
how can Ca+2 levels by amplified using IP3 and Ryanodine receptors
IP3 binds to IP3 receptor (ligand-mediated ion channel) which releases Ca+2. Local inc in Ca+2 acts on adjacent ER on another ligand-mediated ion channel called Ryanodine receptors. Ryanodine receptors when bound to Ca+2 will open channels to let more Ca+2 out. Leads to CICR--> "waves"
42
what happens after water is depleted in a plant cell
ABA is released from the roots
43
detail the process of a stomata opening
When ABA is not activating receptor, Ca+2 channel in PM of guard cell stays closed, no CICR, Ca+2 channels closed in tonoplast, Ca+2 pumped into vacuole, cytoplasm Ca+2 dec, K+ efflux channels close, K+ influx channels open, K+ enters guard cell, osmosis and open stomata
44
detail the process of a stomata closing
loss of water = release of ABA from roots, bind to ABA receptor in PM of guard cell, Ca+2 channels open and Ca+2 enters cytoplasm & interacts w/ plant version of ryanodine receptor to open a pore for Ca+2 in tonoplast (CICR). Ca+2 levels in cytoplasm is high, ion efflux channel in PM are open, ion influx channels close, net flow out of cell, stomata close
45
detail the Ras /MapK pathway
uses RTKs, when growth factor binds and activates RTK, adaptor proteins are activated which activates Ras (GDP--> GTP), which activates Raf, which phosphorylates MEK, which phosphorylates MAPK which phosphorylates txn factors which changes gene expression
46
activation of Ras stimulates...
cell division of many cell types
47
Ras is mutated in about 30% of cancers. why does this make sense
Ras can't hydrolyze itself from GTP to GDP so it is always on and stimulating cell division
48
detail blood vessel dilation involving NO
ACh receptors on endothelium PM activate opening of Ca+2 channels, Ca+2 enters cell and activates NOS which takes arg and converts to NO gas which diffuses by paracrine signaling to the muscle cell. NO activates guanylyl cyclase in muscle cell which converts GTP to cGMP (new 2nd messenger). cGMP in smooth muscles relaxes muscles--> dilation
49
what does Viagara do
inhibits penile isoform of cGMP phosphodiesterase
50
function of CREB?
when activated binds to CRE (a specific DNA motif) to turn on gluconeogenesis in liver
51
function of PKA
phosphorylate/activate CREB. phosphorylate and inhibit glycogen synthase, phosphorylates and activates phosphorylase kinases that phosphoryalte and activate glycogen phosphorylases that breakdwon glycogen to glucose
52
provide ex of crosstalk btwn pathways
PKA activates CREB phosphorylation directly, but inhibits phosphorylation of Raf which activates MEK which activates MAPk which activates a kinase that phosphorylates CREB
53
how do G proteins terminate signals
natural hydrolysis ability (GTP-->GDP) now inactive
54
how do GPCR terminate signals
(1) ligand falling off | (2) GRK/arrestins- GRK cont patrol for active GPCR, will phosphorylate them which is a recognition site for arrestins
55
how does the cholera toxin turn off the cAMP pathway
cholera bacteria secretes a toxin that modifies a G protein so it can't hydrolyze--> cont. activation of adenylyl cyclase--> cont. high cAMP levels cAMP in crypt cells regulate secretion of Cl-, Na+, K+, HCO3- that are irreversibly massively secreted into lumen of intestine

BSCI 1511 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions