Homeostasis Flashcards
Anatomy is the study of…
the STRUCTURE and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology is the study of…
how the body and its parts FUNCTION
What are the six levels of structural organisation?
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
What is the ‘Chemical’ level of structural organisation?
Atoms combine to form molecules
What is the ‘Cellular’ level of structural organisation?
Cells are made of molecules
What is the ‘Tissue’ level of structural organisation?
Tissue consists of similar types of cells
What is the ‘Organ’ level of structural organisation?
Organs are made up of different types of tissues
What is the ‘Organ System’ level of structural organisation?
Organ Systems consist of different types or Organs that work together
What is the ‘Organism’ level of structural organisation?
The Organism is made up of different Organ Systems
What are the 11 Organ Systems? (DR RIN MUSCLE)
- Digestive
- Respiratory
- Reproductive
- Integumentary
- Nervous
- Muscular
- Urinary
- Skeletal
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic
- Endocrine
Define: Metabolism (basic life processes)
The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including Anabolism and Catabolism
Define: Responsiveness (basic life processes)
The ability to detect (sense) and respond to changes (stimuli) in the external or internal environment
Define: Movement (basic life processes)
Motion of the whole body, individual organs or even organelles inside cells
Define: Growth (basic life processes)
An increase in size and complexity, due to the increase in the number of cells, size of cells, or both
Define: Differentiation (basic life processes)
The change in a cell from an unspecialised to specialised state
Define: Reproduction (basic life processes)
Either the formation of new cells for growth, repair or replacement, or the production of a new individual
What are the Five basic life processes? (as per Tortora)
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Growth
- Differentiation
- Reproduction
In relation to basic life processes, what are Marieb’s Two additional ‘Necessary’ life functions’?
- Maintaining BOUNDARIES between internal and external environment
- EXCRETION - the removal of wastes from metabolism.
Define: Homeostasis
Maintaining an equilibrium in the body’s internal environment within physiologically defines limits.
Define: Holistic
Affecting the whole body
Which two organ systems regulate homeostatic responses by either working independently or together?
- Endocrine
2. Nervous
What are the components of a feedback system/loop?
- RECEPTOR (which detects the stimulus causing homeostatic imbalance)
AFFERENT PATHWAY - the pathway an input message is sent along from the receptor to the control center in the form of nervous impulses or chemical signals - CONTROL CENTER - receives the input message from the afferent pathway and converts the message to an output action along the efferent pathway
EFFERENT PATHWAY - the pathway an output message is seng along from the control center to the effector in the form of nervous impulses or chemical signals - EFFECTOR - any organ or tissue that receives information from the control center and acts to bring about the changes needed to maintain homeostasis
What is a negative feedback system/loop?
A homeostatic response which reverses the original stimulus
What is a positive feedback system/loop?
A homeostatic response which enhances the original stimulus
How is ‘Aging’ characterised?
A progressive decline in the body’s ability to restore Homeostasis
What is the Endocrine System?
Components: Hormone producing glands (e.g. pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland) and hormone producing cells in other organs.
Function: Regulates body activities by secreting hormones
What are Hormones?
Chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ
