Endocrine System

Question 1

What is an exocrine gland?

Answer 1

A gland which secretes into DUCTS, which empty into body cavities or body surfaces

Question 2

What is an endocrine gland?

Answer 2

A gland which secretes products directly into interstitial fluid (blood) - DUCTLESS

Question 3

What type of gland is the panceas?

Answer 3

They have both exocrine and endocrine functions

Question 4

What type of gland is Pituitary gland?

Answer 4

Endocrine

Question 5

What type of gland are salivary glands?

Answer 5

Exocrine

Question 6

What type of gland is the thyroid gland?

Answer 6

Endocrine

Question 7

What type of gland is the pineal gland?

Answer 7

Endocrine

Question 8

What type ofg land are sweat glands?

Answer 8

Exocrine

Question 9

What type of gland are adrenal glands?

Answer 9

Endocrine

Question 10

What is the definition of a hormone?

Answer 10

Chemical substances secreted by cells into extracellular fluid, in order to alter cell activity

Question 11

What is an endocrine/circulating hormone?

Answer 11

Hormones that travel in blood, and act on distant target cells

Question 12

What is a local hormone?

Answer 12

Hormones that act locally, without entering the bloodstream

Question 13

What is a paracrine?

Answer 13

A local hormone that acts on a neighbouring cell

Question 14

What is an autocrine?

Answer 14

A local hormone that act on the same cell that secreted them

Question 15

What type of feedback system are blood hormone levels controlled by?

Answer 15

Negative

Question 16

Hormones are synthesised and released from endocrine in response to the following stimuli:

1.

2.

3.

Answer 16

1. Humoral
2. Neural
3. Hormonal

Question 17

How is the pancreas connected to the duodenum?

Answer 17

Via the pancreatic duct and the accessory duct

Question 18

What duct does the pancreatic duct fuse with going into the duodenum?

Answer 18

Common bile duct

Question 19

True or false: if the sphincter of the main pancreatic duct is closed, no pancreatic juices will be able to enter the duodenum.

Answer 19

False - pancreatic juices will enter (at a smaller rate) through the accessory duct

Question 20

What is the hepatopancreatic apulla?

Answer 20

The point of dilation where the pancreatic duct and common bile duct join together

Question 21

What is the hepatopancreatic spchinter?

Answer 21

The sphincter between the duodenum and the pancreatic duct

Question 22

What are pancreatic islets / islets of langerhans?

Answer 22

Irregular clusters of endocrine cells scattered throughout the tissue of the pancreas which secrete:

Glucogen from alpha cells

Insulin from beta cells

Question 23

What do alpha endocrine cells secrete?

Answer 23

Glucagon

Question 24

What do beta endocrine cells secrete?

Answer 24

Insulin

Question 25

Where are alpha and beta cells located?

Answer 25

In the Pancreatic Islets / Islets of Langerhans

Question 26

What is the major target organ of Glucagon?

Answer 26

The Liver

Question 27

What functions does Glucagon promote in the liver?

Answer 27

Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis The release of glucose from the liver

Question 28

What is Glycogenolysis?

Answer 28

The breaking down of glycogen into glucose

Question 29

What is Gluconeogenesis?

Answer 29

The creation of glucose from fats and proteins

Question 30

True or false: Glucagon has a negative effect on blood glucose levels.

Answer 30

False - glucagon increased blood glucose levels

Question 31

What is the function of insulin?

Answer 31

- Enhances the transport of glucose into body cells - Counters metabolic activity which would increase blood glucose levels

Question 32

True or false: Insulin secretion leads to decreased blood glucose levels

Answer 32

True

Question 33

What causes type 1 diabetes?

Answer 33

Hypoactivity or Hyposecretion of insulin

Question 34

What causes type 2 diabetes?

Answer 34

Defective insulin receptors | (AKA insulin independent diabetes)

Question 35

What causes gestational diabetes?

Answer 35

Pregnancy hormones making the body insulin-resistant

Question 36

What are the three signs of diabetes?

Answer 36

* Polyuria (excessive urination) * Polydipsia (excessive thirst) * Polyphagia (excessive hunger)

Question 37

What causes Diabetes insipidus?

Answer 37

Hyposecretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) due to hypothalumus or posterior pituitary gland damage