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Podiatry - Medicine 1 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is an exocrine gland?

A

A gland which secretes into DUCTS, which empty into body cavities or body surfaces

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2
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

A gland which secretes products directly into interstitial fluid (blood) - DUCTLESS

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3
Q

What type of gland is the panceas?

A

They have both exocrine and endocrine functions

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4
Q

What type of gland is Pituitary gland?

A

Endocrine

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5
Q

What type of gland are salivary glands?

A

Exocrine

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6
Q

What type of gland is the thyroid gland?

A

Endocrine

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7
Q

What type of gland is the pineal gland?

A

Endocrine

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8
Q

What type ofg land are sweat glands?

A

Exocrine

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9
Q

What type of gland are adrenal glands?

A

Endocrine

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10
Q

What is the definition of a hormone?

A

Chemical substances secreted by cells into extracellular fluid, in order to alter cell activity

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11
Q

What is an endocrine/circulating hormone?

A

Hormones that travel in blood, and act on distant target cells

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12
Q

What is a local hormone?

A

Hormones that act locally, without entering the bloodstream

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13
Q

What is a paracrine?

A

A local hormone that acts on a neighbouring cell

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14
Q

What is an autocrine?

A

A local hormone that act on the same cell that secreted them

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15
Q

What type of feedback system are blood hormone levels controlled by?

A

Negative

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16
Q

Hormones are synthesised and released from endocrine in response to the following stimuli:

1.

2.

3.

A
  1. Humoral
  2. Neural
  3. Hormonal
17
Q

How is the pancreas connected to the duodenum?

A

Via the pancreatic duct and the accessory duct

18
Q

What duct does the pancreatic duct fuse with going into the duodenum?

A

Common bile duct

19
Q

True or false: if the sphincter of the main pancreatic duct is closed, no pancreatic juices will be able to enter the duodenum.

A

False - pancreatic juices will enter (at a smaller rate) through the accessory duct

20
Q

What is the hepatopancreatic apulla?

A

The point of dilation where the pancreatic duct and common bile duct join together

21
Q

What is the hepatopancreatic spchinter?

A

The sphincter between the duodenum and the pancreatic duct

22
Q

What are pancreatic islets / islets of langerhans?

A

Irregular clusters of endocrine cells scattered throughout the tissue of the pancreas which secrete:

Glucogen from alpha cells

Insulin from beta cells

23
Q

What do alpha endocrine cells secrete?

A

Glucagon

24
Q

What do beta endocrine cells secrete?

A

Insulin

25
Q

Where are alpha and beta cells located?

A

In the Pancreatic Islets / Islets of Langerhans

26
Q

What is the major target organ of Glucagon?

A

The Liver

27
Q

What functions does Glucagon promote in the liver?

A

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

The release of glucose from the liver

28
Q

What is Glycogenolysis?

A

The breaking down of glycogen into glucose

29
Q

What is Gluconeogenesis?

A

The creation of glucose from fats and proteins

30
Q

True or false: Glucagon has a negative effect on blood glucose levels.

A

False - glucagon increased blood glucose levels

31
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A
  • Enhances the transport of glucose into body cells
  • Counters metabolic activity which would increase blood glucose levels
32
Q

True or false: Insulin secretion leads to decreased blood glucose levels

A

True

33
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes?

A

Hypoactivity or Hyposecretion of insulin

34
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes?

A

Defective insulin receptors

(AKA insulin independent diabetes)

35
Q

What causes gestational diabetes?

A

Pregnancy hormones making the body insulin-resistant

36
Q

What are the three signs of diabetes?

A
  • Polyuria (excessive urination)
  • Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
  • Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
37
Q

What causes Diabetes insipidus?

A

Hyposecretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) due to hypothalumus or posterior pituitary gland damage

Podiatry - Medicine 1 (13 decks)

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