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HNNS > HNS01 Overview Of The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

HNS01 Overview Of The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

CNS components

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Brainstem
  4. Spinal cord (connect to higher centres by brainstem)
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2
Q

Function of cerebral cortex

A
  1. Cognition
  2. Perception
  3. Voluntary movement
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3
Q

Function of Limbic system

A

Emotion

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4
Q

Function of Brainstem

A

Housekeeping

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5
Q

Function of Cerebellum

A

Motor coordination

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6
Q

2 type of synapses in Brain

A
  1. Excitatory / Glutamatergic synapses
    - AMPA receptor
    - NMDA receptor
    - Kainate receptor
  2. Inhibitory synapses (e.g. GABAergic synapse)
    - GABA-gated Cl channel (other agonists: Benzodiazepine, Ethanol, Barbituate)
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7
Q

Excitatory synapse and Inhibitory synapse

A

Excitatory synapse:
Action potential in presynaptic neuron
—> lead to Depolarisation in postsynaptic neuron

Inhibitory synapse:
Action potential in presynaptic neuron
—> lead to Hyperpolarisation in postsynaptic neuron

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8
Q

Sensation and Perception

A

Sensation (OBJECTIVE sensory physiology):

  1. Event: interact with sense organs
  2. Stimulus: adequate stimulus to receptor
  3. Excitation: central processing
  4. Integration: central processing in functioning brain centres

Perception (SUBJECTIVE sensory physiology):
5. Impression: conscious subject
6. Perception: subject with experience, reasoning, personality
—> performed in Association Cortex

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9
Q

Important processes in sensory system

A
  1. Sensory transduction
    - receptor
  2. Receptive field
    - receptor
    - peripheral and central neuron
  3. Central processing
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10
Q

Somatic senses

A
  1. Mechanoception
  2. Proprioception
  3. Thermoception
  4. Nociception
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11
Q

Special senses

A
  1. Taste
  2. Smell
  3. Hearing
  4. Balance
  5. Vision
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12
Q

Mechanoreceptors in skin

A

Mechanical stimuli delivered to skin activate several mechanoreceptors simultaneously but to different degree

  1. Pressure (Slowly adapting)
    - Merkel’s disk
  2. Pain / Temperature
    - Free nerve ending
  3. Touch
    - Meissner’s corpuscle
  4. Vibration (Rapid adapting)
    - Pacinian corpuscle
    - Ruffini’s ending (Skin stretch)
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13
Q

Crossed ascending projection

A

Information from one side of body crossed at different levels of spinal cord / brainstem
—> opposite side of cerebral cortex

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14
Q

Cross at Dorsal column nuclei

A
  1. Discriminative touch
  2. Vibration
  3. Position sense
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15
Q

Cross at Spinal cord

A
  1. Temperature

2. Pain

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16
Q

Narrow vertical columns of submodalities in somatosensory cortex

A
  1. Slow-adapting functional unit

2. Rapid-adapting functional unit

17
Q

Topographic body map

A
  • Distorted body surface for tactile sensibility

- Magnified areas of high acuity

18
Q

Taste

A
  • bitter, salt, sour, sweet, umami (MSG) (all chemical stimulation)
  • all chemical stimulation
  • G-protein: Sweet (甜5), Bitter (苦2), Umami (味精4)
  • Ion channels: Salty (ENaC), Sour (OTOP1, PKD2L1), (bitter), Chilli (Nociception)
19
Q

Common plan of sensory systems

A
  1. Sensory transduction (feature extraction)
  2. Topographic organisation (maps can be found at different levels)
  3. Bilateral inputs to cortex (e.g. skin: crossed, auditory: **bilateral, taste: **ipsilateral)
20
Q

Motor system

A

CNS —> PNS (Motor division) —> Somatic NS (e.g. skeletal muscle)

Example: reflexive control (Stretch reflex, Golgi tendon reflex, Pain reflex)

21
Q

3 Cardinal neural regions responsible for motor control

A
  1. Motor cortex
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Basal ganglia
22
Q

Crossed descending projection

A

One side of motor cortex to contralateral side of head and body

23
Q

Seizure

A

Epilepsy
—> Spread of abnormal synchronised cortical discharge (e.g. cortical area responsible for trunk to area responsible for head)

24
Q

Association cortex function

A
  1. Cognition
  2. Consciousness
25
Q

Lateralization of cerebral cortex

A

Left hemisphere:

  • Right hand
  • ***Logical thinking
  • ***Language ability
  • Writing
  • ***Science and math work

Right hemisphere:

  • Left hand
  • Musical and artistic ability
  • ***Perception of space
  • ***Imagination and fantasising
  • ***Body control and awareness
26
Q

Limbic system

A

Components:

  1. Hippocampus
  2. Amygdala (fear response, negative emotions)

Function:

  1. Cognition
    - **Learning and memory
    - Sleep and wakefulness
    - **    Emotion
27
Q

Imaging techniques

A
  1. Functional MRI
  2. CT scan
  3. PET scan (molecular imaging)
28
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Degeneration of Dopamine neuron within Substantia nigra (area within Basal ganglia)
—> movement disorders

29
Q

Alzheimer’s disease / Dementia

A

Shrinkage of Hippocampus (+ Cortex) —> impairment of learning and memory

Causative components:

  1. Amyloid plaque (extracellular)
  2. Neurofibrillary tangle: Tau fragment (intracellular)

—> ALL lead to damaged neurons

30
Q

Psychosis / Schizophrenia

A

Blockade of NMDA receptor by PCP (phencyclidine piperidine)
—> do not allow Ca, Na to go through channel
—> behaviour mimic schizophrenia

31
Q

Drug addiction

A

Dopamine neurons in Nucleus accumbens (part of Basal ganglia)

Heroin:
1. Bind to opioid receptor of GABAergic inhibitory neuron
—> do not allow GABAergic inhibitory neuron to release GABA onto GABA receptor on presynaptic receptor
—> NO inhibition of dopamine release

  1. Direct agonist to opioid receptor on postsynaptic neuron
    —> direct stimulation of postsynaptic neuron
    —> cAMP —> activated protein

Cocaine:
1. Block reuptake transporter on presynaptic neuron
—> more dopamine to postsynaptic neuron
—> cAMP —> activated protein

32
Q

Summary

A

Limbic system:

  • Hippocampus: Alzheimer’s disease
  • Amygdala: Fear response, Negative emotions

Basal ganglia:

  • Substantia nigra: Parkinson’s disease
  • Nucleus accumbens: Drug addiction

HNNS (58 decks)

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