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Year 2 Revision > HNS Anatomy > Flashcards

HNS Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

vertebral body +

A

arch

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2
Q

Where are the verteberal notches

A

between articular process and pedicle

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3
Q

L2 landmark

A

inferior aspect of lowest rib

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4
Q

T3 landmark

A

medial end of spine of scapula

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5
Q

Annulus fibrosus

A

collage type 1 and 2 to limit rotation

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6
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

gel like to resist compression

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7
Q

whiplash

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

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8
Q

ligaments of spine

A

supraspinous = tips of spinous
infraspinous = adj spinous
ligamentum flava = arch

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9
Q

central vs posterolateral herniation of nucleus pulposus

A 
central = spinal cord
posterolateral = spinal nerve impingement
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10
Q

sciatica

A

herniation between l5/s1

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11
Q

Atlas axial ligaments

A

transverse ligament of the atlas = part of cruciate

alar ligaments of axis to occipital condyles

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12
Q

jefferson fracture

A

occipital condyles into lateral masses of c1

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13
Q

what can’t u do an thoracic and lumbar

A

flexion extension

rotation

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14
Q

what is movement in vertebral column due to

A

superior and inferior articular process placement

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15
Q

what is dura of spine continuous with

A

inner meningeal dura in brain

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16
Q

prostate cancer metastases

A

internal iliac into vertebral plexuses

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17
Q

Uncal/tonsillar herniation difference

A

uncal temporal lobes -> loss of consciiousness

cerebellar tonsils -> cardioresp arrest

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18
Q

how many premolar and molars

A

2 and 3

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19
Q

what part of sphenoid makes pterion

A

greater wing

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20
Q

what is MMA made from

A

ECA -> maxillar

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21
Q

what vessel in IAM

A

labryinthe artery

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22
Q

vessel in jugular foramen

A

internal jugular vein

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23
Q

scaLP

A

loose areolar

periosteum

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24
Q

what do the vertebral arteries arise from

A

first part of sublcavian
go through foramen trasnvverosium of C1-C6
ant spinal artery and post spinal artery

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25
Q

what do vertebral arteries become and where

A

basilar on the ant. apsect of pons

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26
Q

branches of basilar

A

pontine

posterior cerebral

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27
Q

ICA branches

A

ACA
MCA
post comm.

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28
Q

most important thing in cavernous sinus

A

ICA

CN VI

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29
Q

neck compartments

A

vertebral
visceral
vascular

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30
Q

what is in vascular compartment of neck

A

IJV carotids CN X

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31
Q

suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

A 
stylohyoid
digastric
geniohyoid
myohyoid
thyrohyoid
omohoid
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
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32
Q

innervation of suprahyoid muscles

A 
digastric = v3 nd VII
myohyoid = v3
geniohyoid = c1 via cn xii
stylohyoid = vii
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33
Q

innervation of infrahyoid muscles

A

all ansa cervicalis C1-C3

except thyrohyoid which is C1 via CN XII

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34
Q

post triangle of neck =

A 
EJV
subclavian artery and vein
brachial plexus
spinal accessory nerve
phrenic nerve
vagus nerve
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35
Q

what is in front of scalenus anterior

A

Carotid sheath = IJV, carotids, vagus
SC vein
Phrenic vein

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36
Q

what is behind scalenus anterior

A

brachial plexus

SC artery

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37
Q

where does phrenic nerve enter thorax

A

between sublclavian artery and vein

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38
Q

thyroid vasculature

A

superior and inf thyroid arteries = ECA and thyrocervical trunk (subclavian)
sup, middle vein = IJV
inf vein = brachiocephalic vein

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39
Q

what are brachial plexus cords named in relation to

A

axillary artery

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40
Q

name the brachial plexus cords

A

lateral
posterior
medial

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41
Q

what arises from each cord specifically

A

lat pectoral
subscapular/thoracodorsal
medial pectoral

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42
Q

what arises from the superior trunk

A

suprascapular

nerve to subclavius

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43
Q

why do you use carotid

A 
easy to find
rhythm
time murmurs
radial not felt if low blood pressure
used to locate jugular vein
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44
Q

branches of 1st part subclavian

A

vertebral
internal thoracic
thyrocervical trunk

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45
Q

why is r IJV preferred

A

straighter

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46
Q

how do you insert IJV

A

between two heads of SCM and clavicle

lateral to CC at 30 degrees towards nipple

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47
Q

why central line

A 
monitor CVP JVP
central venous saturation
delivery of toxic drugs that could cause phlebitis
central feeding
dialysis
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48
Q

complications of central line

A 
haemothorax
pneumothorax
puncture CC
air embolism
nerve damage
thrombosis
infection
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49
Q

lymph drainage into

A

deep cervical along IJV

converge to form jugular lymphatic trunks

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50
Q

what can cause lymphoedema

A

infection- reactive, local, generalised

cancer = lymphoma, meta

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51
Q

how does lymph drain

A

superficial to deep

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52
Q

what innervates stylopharnygeus

A

CN IX

53
Q

what innervates palatoglossus

A

Cn X

54
Q

Folds next to uvula

A

palatoglossus
palatopharnygeal = posterior and medial
depress soft palate against the tongue

55
Q

sensory innervation of the pharynx

A

IX and X pharyngeal plexus

56
Q

what generally innervates pharyngeal muscles

A

X

NOT STYLO = IX

57
Q

3 tonsils

A

palataine
lingual
pharyngeal

58
Q

what innervates the epiglottic vallecula

A

X

59
Q

what nerve name innervates ant 2/3 tongue

A

lingual nerve

60
Q

extrinsic muscles of tongue

A

palatoglossus
styloglossus
genioglossus
hyoglossus

61
Q

masseter function

A

elevation

62
Q

temporalis function

A

elevation and retraction

63
Q

lateral pteryogid

A

depression

protraction

64
Q

medial pterygid

A

elevation
protraction
lateral movement

65
Q

v3 branches

A

long buccal
lingual
inf alveolar -> nerve to mylohyoid

66
Q

trigeminal important sensory parts

A

v1 = conjuctiva
long buccal = temple cheeks floor of mouth
inf alveolar = lower teeth, gums lip
lingual = ant 2/3 tongue

67
Q

innervation of salivary glands

A 
parotid = IX otic ganglion
sub = facial submandibular ganglion
68
Q

facial nerve course for glands

A 
after entering inner ear -> chorda tympani
exits through petrotympanic fissure
infratemporal fossa joins lingual nerve
submandibular ganglion 
PS synapse
taste fibres bypass ganglion
69
Q

which bone and part is the middle and inner ear in

A

petrous temporal

70
Q

tensor tympani function and innervation

A

pulls malleus medially
reduce force of vibration from loud noises
V3

71
Q

stapedius function and innervation

A

pulls stapes posteriorly to prevent excessive osscilation

VII

72
Q

what does facial nerve motor innervate

A 
facial expression
post digastric
stylohyoid
salivation 
stapedius
73
Q

facial nerve sensory innervation

A

taste ant 2/3

sensation to EAM and auricle

74
Q

function of respiratory epithelium

A

removes trapped particles

warms and humidifies air

75
Q

swallowing

A

lift and retract tongue = styloglossus
bolus into back of oropharynx = palatoglossus
raise soft palate = tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini
close larynx epiglottis
pharyngeal constrictor
relax cricopharyngeus

76
Q

what innervates the sinuses

A

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid = V1

maxillary = v2

77
Q

what drains into sphenothmoidal recess

A

sphenoidal sinus cells

78
Q

what drains into superior meatus

A

posterior ethmoidal cells

79
Q

what drains into the middle meatus

A

frontal
anterior ethmoidal
middle ethmoidal
maxillary

80
Q

what drains into the inferior meatus

A

nasolacrimal duct

81
Q

Eustachian tube and infection

A

infections can travel down the tube to the mastoid antrum and air cells -> erode temporal bone

82
Q

maxillary sinus infection

A

from roots of upper teeth

83
Q

what muscles does external laryngeal innervate

A

cricothyroid

84
Q

extrinsic membranes of larynx

A

cricotracheal

thyrohyoid

85
Q

cricoid vertebral level

A

C6

86
Q

what is the thyroid angle

A

90-120 degrees

87
Q

what movement stretches the vocal ligament

A

anterior thyroid moving anteriorly

88
Q

cricothyroid ligament

A

thickened at top to form vocal ligament which attaches to arytenoid cartilage

89
Q

crycoarytenoid joint

A

abduction and adduction of vocal ligaments

90
Q

function cricothyroid

A

forward and downward movement of thyroid cartilage along cricothyroid joint to inc tension on vocal ligaments

91
Q

posterior cricoarytenoid

A

abduction of vocal ligaments

92
Q

lateral and transverse cricoarytenoid

A

adduction of vocal ligaments

93
Q

when can superior laryngeal nerve be damaged

A

superior thyroid artery

ECA

94
Q

when can the recurrent laryngeal nerve be damaged

A

inferior thyroid artery during surgery

bronchial/oesophageal tumour

95
Q

what depresses the soft palate in sneezing

A

palatopharyngeus and palatoglossus (X)

96
Q

what’s the 3rd muscle in coughing

A

superior constrictor

97
Q

air way management (4)

A

chin lift, jaw thrust
endotracheal intubation
cricothyroidotomy
tracheostomy

98
Q

6 functions of facial nerve

A 
salivation through submandibular ganglion
lacrimation through pterygopalatine ganglion
facial expression
stapedius
taste
mastication = buccinator
swallowing = stylohyoid 
sensation to EAM
99
Q

roof of orbit

A

frontal bone

100
Q

lateral wall of orbit

A

zygoma

greater wing of sphenoid

101
Q

floor of orbit

A

maxilla

102
Q

medial wall

A

lesser wing of sphenoid
ethmoid
lacrimal
maxilla

103
Q

inferior orbital fissure

A

V2 after foramen rotundum

infra orbital vessels ie inferior ophthalmic vein

104
Q

what else goes through superior orbital fissure

A

sympathetic fibres

105
Q

3 muscles for the pupil and lens

A

dilator pupillae
sphincter pupillae
ciliary

106
Q

another muscle for eyelid, innervation

A

orbicularis oculi

VII

107
Q

effect of lesion to facial nerve for eye

A

inability to shut eyes tightly
tear spillage
dry eye

108
Q

supply of levator palpabrae superioris

A

III and sympatheti c

109
Q

extorsion intorsion

A

intorsion = in to the eye = clockwise

110
Q

what is also in opthalmic V1

A

PS and S

111
Q

what is also in occulomotor nerve

A

PS -> sphincter pupillae and ciliary body

sympathetic nerves -> superior tarsal muscle

112
Q

V1 branches

A

lacrimal
frontal
nasociliary -> ciliary branches

113
Q

occulomotor nerve route

A

lateral wall of cavernous sinus
sup and inf division
PS = inf
enter through common tendinous ring in the superior orbital fissure

114
Q

what is the path of PS occulomotor

A

inferior branch of III
ciliary ganglion
travel with ciliary nerves of V1 and t1 sympathetic to sphincter pupillae and ciliary body

115
Q

pathway of eye sympathetic fibres

A 
T1
synapse at superior cervical ganglion at C2
carotid plexus and opthalmic artery 
travel to:
supperior tarsal muscle
dilator pupilae = ciliary v1
blood vessels of the eye = ciliary V1
116
Q

V1 lacrimal nerve hitchhikers

A

PS VIII from the pterygopalatine ganglion use it to get to the lacrimal gland

117
Q

ciliary branch of nasocilary nerve important why

A

PS III hitchhike to sphincter pupilae and ciliary body

SS T1 from superior cervical ganglion use ciliary V1 to the dilator pupilae and blood vessels of the eye

118
Q

eye muscle testing

A

do opposite horizontal movement first

119
Q

occulomotor palsy

A

down and out
ptosis
dilated pupil bc no sphincter pupillae

120
Q

partial ptosis vs complete

A

hornerys vs occulomotor palsy

121
Q

what is horners usually caused by

A

apex lung tumour = pancoast’s tumour

122
Q

horners symptoms

A

partial ptosis
constriction of pupil miosis
anhydrosis

123
Q

superior orbital fissure and cavernous sinus

A

superior opthalamic veins

infections

124
Q

arterial supply of the orbit

A

ICA -> ophthalmic

125
Q

venous drainage of the orbit

A

superior opthalmic vein thru SOF and cavernous sinus

inferior ophthalmic vein thru inferior orbital fissure to join pterygoid plexus

126
Q

pupil light reflex

A 
exit optic tract
pretectal nucleus
BOTH edinger westphal nucleus 
PS in inferior branch of occulomotor
ciliary ganglion synapse
ciliary nerves
sphincter pupillae
127
Q

corneal reflex arms

A

V2

VII bc orbicularis oculi

128
Q

lacrimal pathway

A 
gland
puncta
canaliculi
sac
nasolacrimal duct
inferior meatus
129
Q

lacrimal gland innervation

LEARN

A

PS Secretomotor VII

from pterygopalatine ganglion via zygamaticotemporal and lacrimal nerves

Year 2 Revision (22 decks)

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