HNS Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
vertebral body +
A
arch
2
Q
Where are the verteberal notches
A
between articular process and pedicle
3
Q
L2 landmark
A
inferior aspect of lowest rib
4
Q
T3 landmark
A
medial end of spine of scapula
5
Q
Annulus fibrosus
A
collage type 1 and 2 to limit rotation
6
Q
nucleus pulposus
A
gel like to resist compression
7
Q
whiplash
A
anterior longitudinal ligament
8
Q
ligaments of spine
A
supraspinous = tips of spinous
infraspinous = adj spinous
ligamentum flava = arch
9
Q
central vs posterolateral herniation of nucleus pulposus
A
central = spinal cord posterolateral = spinal nerve impingement
10
Q
sciatica
A
herniation between l5/s1
11
Q
Atlas axial ligaments
A
transverse ligament of the atlas = part of cruciate
alar ligaments of axis to occipital condyles
12
Q
jefferson fracture
A
occipital condyles into lateral masses of c1
13
Q
what can’t u do an thoracic and lumbar
A
flexion extension
rotation
14
Q
what is movement in vertebral column due to
A
superior and inferior articular process placement
15
Q
what is dura of spine continuous with
A
inner meningeal dura in brain
16
Q
prostate cancer metastases
A
internal iliac into vertebral plexuses
17
Q
Uncal/tonsillar herniation difference
A
uncal temporal lobes -> loss of consciiousness
cerebellar tonsils -> cardioresp arrest
18
Q
how many premolar and molars
A
2 and 3
19
Q
what part of sphenoid makes pterion
A
greater wing
20
Q
what is MMA made from
A
ECA -> maxillar
21
Q
what vessel in IAM
A
labryinthe artery
22
Q
vessel in jugular foramen
A
internal jugular vein
23
Q
scaLP
A
loose areolar
periosteum
24
Q
what do the vertebral arteries arise from
A
first part of sublcavian
go through foramen trasnvverosium of C1-C6
ant spinal artery and post spinal artery
25
what do vertebral arteries become and where
basilar on the ant. apsect of pons
26
branches of basilar
pontine
| posterior cerebral
27
ICA branches
ACA
MCA
post comm.
28
most important thing in cavernous sinus
ICA
| CN VI
29
neck compartments
vertebral
visceral
vascular
30
what is in vascular compartment of neck
IJV carotids CN X
31
suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles
```
stylohyoid
digastric
geniohyoid
myohyoid
thyrohyoid
omohoid
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
```
32
innervation of suprahyoid muscles
```
digastric = v3 nd VII
myohyoid = v3
geniohyoid = c1 via cn xii
stylohyoid = vii
```
33
innervation of infrahyoid muscles
all ansa cervicalis C1-C3
| except thyrohyoid which is C1 via CN XII
34
post triangle of neck =
```
EJV
subclavian artery and vein
brachial plexus
spinal accessory nerve
phrenic nerve
vagus nerve
```
35
what is in front of scalenus anterior
Carotid sheath = IJV, carotids, vagus
SC vein
Phrenic vein
36
what is behind scalenus anterior
brachial plexus
| SC artery
37
where does phrenic nerve enter thorax
between sublclavian artery and vein
38
thyroid vasculature
superior and inf thyroid arteries = ECA and thyrocervical trunk (subclavian)
sup, middle vein = IJV
inf vein = brachiocephalic vein
39
what are brachial plexus cords named in relation to
axillary artery
40
name the brachial plexus cords
lateral
posterior
medial
41
what arises from each cord specifically
lat pectoral
subscapular/thoracodorsal
medial pectoral
42
what arises from the superior trunk
suprascapular
| nerve to subclavius
43
why do you use carotid
```
easy to find
rhythm
time murmurs
radial not felt if low blood pressure
used to locate jugular vein
```
44
branches of 1st part subclavian
vertebral
internal thoracic
thyrocervical trunk
45
why is r IJV preferred
straighter
46
how do you insert IJV
between two heads of SCM and clavicle
| lateral to CC at 30 degrees towards nipple
47
why central line
```
monitor CVP JVP
central venous saturation
delivery of toxic drugs that could cause phlebitis
central feeding
dialysis
```
48
complications of central line
```
haemothorax
pneumothorax
puncture CC
air embolism
nerve damage
thrombosis
infection
```
49
lymph drainage into
deep cervical along IJV
| converge to form jugular lymphatic trunks
50
what can cause lymphoedema
infection- reactive, local, generalised
| cancer = lymphoma, meta
51
how does lymph drain
superficial to deep
52
what innervates stylopharnygeus
CN IX
53
what innervates palatoglossus
Cn X
54
Folds next to uvula
palatoglossus
palatopharnygeal = posterior and medial
depress soft palate against the tongue
55
sensory innervation of the pharynx
IX and X pharyngeal plexus
56
what generally innervates pharyngeal muscles
X
| NOT STYLO = IX
57
3 tonsils
palataine
lingual
pharyngeal
58
what innervates the epiglottic vallecula
X
59
what nerve name innervates ant 2/3 tongue
lingual nerve
60
extrinsic muscles of tongue
palatoglossus
styloglossus
genioglossus
hyoglossus
61
masseter function
elevation
62
temporalis function
elevation and retraction
63
lateral pteryogid
depression
| protraction
64
medial pterygid
elevation
protraction
lateral movement
65
v3 branches
long buccal
lingual
inf alveolar -> nerve to mylohyoid
66
trigeminal important sensory parts
v1 = conjuctiva
long buccal = temple cheeks floor of mouth
inf alveolar = lower teeth, gums lip
lingual = ant 2/3 tongue
67
innervation of salivary glands
```
parotid = IX otic ganglion
sub = facial submandibular ganglion
```
68
facial nerve course for glands
```
after entering inner ear -> chorda tympani
exits through petrotympanic fissure
infratemporal fossa joins lingual nerve
submandibular ganglion
PS synapse
taste fibres bypass ganglion
```
69
which bone and part is the middle and inner ear in
petrous temporal
70
tensor tympani function and innervation
pulls malleus medially
reduce force of vibration from loud noises
V3
71
stapedius function and innervation
pulls stapes posteriorly to prevent excessive osscilation
| VII
72
what does facial nerve motor innervate
```
facial expression
post digastric
stylohyoid
salivation
stapedius
```
73
facial nerve sensory innervation
taste ant 2/3
| sensation to EAM and auricle
74
function of respiratory epithelium
removes trapped particles
| warms and humidifies air
75
swallowing
lift and retract tongue = styloglossus
bolus into back of oropharynx = palatoglossus
raise soft palate = tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini
close larynx epiglottis
pharyngeal constrictor
relax cricopharyngeus
76
what innervates the sinuses
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid = V1
| maxillary = v2
77
what drains into sphenothmoidal recess
sphenoidal sinus cells
78
what drains into superior meatus
posterior ethmoidal cells
79
what drains into the middle meatus
frontal
anterior ethmoidal
middle ethmoidal
maxillary
80
what drains into the inferior meatus
nasolacrimal duct
81
Eustachian tube and infection
infections can travel down the tube to the mastoid antrum and air cells -> erode temporal bone
82
maxillary sinus infection
from roots of upper teeth
83
what muscles does external laryngeal innervate
cricothyroid
84
extrinsic membranes of larynx
cricotracheal
| thyrohyoid
85
cricoid vertebral level
C6
86
what is the thyroid angle
90-120 degrees
87
what movement stretches the vocal ligament
anterior thyroid moving anteriorly
88
cricothyroid ligament
thickened at top to form vocal ligament which attaches to arytenoid cartilage
89
crycoarytenoid joint
abduction and adduction of vocal ligaments
90
function cricothyroid
forward and downward movement of thyroid cartilage along cricothyroid joint to inc tension on vocal ligaments
91
posterior cricoarytenoid
abduction of vocal ligaments
92
lateral and transverse cricoarytenoid
adduction of vocal ligaments
93
when can superior laryngeal nerve be damaged
superior thyroid artery
| ECA
94
when can the recurrent laryngeal nerve be damaged
inferior thyroid artery during surgery
| bronchial/oesophageal tumour
95
what depresses the soft palate in sneezing
palatopharyngeus and palatoglossus (X)
96
what's the 3rd muscle in coughing
superior constrictor
97
air way management (4)
chin lift, jaw thrust
endotracheal intubation
cricothyroidotomy
tracheostomy
98
6 functions of facial nerve
```
salivation through submandibular ganglion
lacrimation through pterygopalatine ganglion
facial expression
stapedius
taste
mastication = buccinator
swallowing = stylohyoid
sensation to EAM
```
99
roof of orbit
frontal bone
100
lateral wall of orbit
zygoma
| greater wing of sphenoid
101
floor of orbit
maxilla
102
medial wall
lesser wing of sphenoid
ethmoid
lacrimal
maxilla
103
inferior orbital fissure
V2 after foramen rotundum
| infra orbital vessels ie inferior ophthalmic vein
104
what else goes through superior orbital fissure
sympathetic fibres
105
3 muscles for the pupil and lens
dilator pupillae
sphincter pupillae
ciliary
106
another muscle for eyelid, innervation
orbicularis oculi
| VII
107
effect of lesion to facial nerve for eye
inability to shut eyes tightly
tear spillage
dry eye
108
supply of levator palpabrae superioris
III and sympatheti c
109
extorsion intorsion
intorsion = in to the eye = clockwise
110
what is also in opthalmic V1
PS and S
111
what is also in occulomotor nerve
PS -> sphincter pupillae and ciliary body
| sympathetic nerves -> superior tarsal muscle
112
V1 branches
lacrimal
frontal
nasociliary -> ciliary branches
113
occulomotor nerve route
lateral wall of cavernous sinus
sup and inf division
PS = inf
enter through common tendinous ring in the superior orbital fissure
114
what is the path of PS occulomotor
inferior branch of III
ciliary ganglion
travel with ciliary nerves of V1 and t1 sympathetic to sphincter pupillae and ciliary body
115
pathway of eye sympathetic fibres
```
T1
synapse at superior cervical ganglion at C2
carotid plexus and opthalmic artery
travel to:
supperior tarsal muscle
dilator pupilae = ciliary v1
blood vessels of the eye = ciliary V1
```
116
V1 lacrimal nerve hitchhikers
PS VIII from the pterygopalatine ganglion use it to get to the lacrimal gland
117
ciliary branch of nasocilary nerve important why
PS III hitchhike to sphincter pupilae and ciliary body
| SS T1 from superior cervical ganglion use ciliary V1 to the dilator pupilae and blood vessels of the eye
118
eye muscle testing
do opposite horizontal movement first
119
occulomotor palsy
down and out
ptosis
dilated pupil bc no sphincter pupillae
120
partial ptosis vs complete
hornerys vs occulomotor palsy
121
what is horners usually caused by
apex lung tumour = pancoast's tumour
122
horners symptoms
partial ptosis
constriction of pupil miosis
anhydrosis
123
superior orbital fissure and cavernous sinus
superior opthalamic veins
| infections
124
arterial supply of the orbit
ICA -> ophthalmic
125
venous drainage of the orbit
superior opthalmic vein thru SOF and cavernous sinus
| inferior ophthalmic vein thru inferior orbital fissure to join pterygoid plexus
126
pupil light reflex
```
exit optic tract
pretectal nucleus
BOTH edinger westphal nucleus
PS in inferior branch of occulomotor
ciliary ganglion synapse
ciliary nerves
sphincter pupillae
```
127
corneal reflex arms
V2
| VII bc orbicularis oculi
128
lacrimal pathway
```
gland
puncta
canaliculi
sac
nasolacrimal duct
inferior meatus
```
129
lacrimal gland innervation
| LEARN
PS Secretomotor VII
| from pterygopalatine ganglion via zygamaticotemporal and lacrimal nerves
