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Virology > HIV > Flashcards

HIV Flashcards

1
Q

What cells do HIV infect?

A

CD4+ T cells

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2
Q

True or false: HIV causes fast progressive loss of CD4 T cells

A

False
-Slow progressive loss of CD4 T cells
-lentivirus –> lenti = slow

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3
Q

What is AIDS

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

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4
Q

HIV envelope proteins gp41 and gp120 bind to what?

A

CD4 T cells

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5
Q

What are the co-receptors of HIV and what do they do

A

CCR5-macrophages and memory CD4 T cells
CXCR4-naive CD4 T cells

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6
Q

What do all retroviruses have?

A

-gag
-pol
-env

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7
Q

What makes accessory genes?

A

Multiple splice variants

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8
Q

What are the accessory genes in HIV

A

-Tat & Rev: needs both to facilitate life cycle
-Vpu: arms race w/ Tetherin
-Vpr: arms race w/ SAMHD1
-Vif: arms race w/ APOBEC3
-Nef: prevents MHC I from getting to cell surface

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9
Q

What is an advantage of Nef

A

Nef: prevents MHC I from getting to cell surface
-CD8 T cells will not recognize infected
-NK cells will see MHC I is not present & kill them

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10
Q

Where did HIV1 come from?

A

Old world monkey SIV jumped to chimpanzees and gorillas
-jumped to humans (4 times, twice for each)

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11
Q

Where did HIV2 come from?

A

Directly from old world monkey to humans

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12
Q

Which HIV is more pathogenic 1 or 2

A

HIV 1

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13
Q

Whats the diff between SIV and HIV

A

-SIV in monkeys are not as pathogenic since monkeys have evolved w/ it for a long time
-HIV causes AIDS in humans and pandemic b/c we have not evolved w/ it–> accessory proteins in lentiviruses do host-virus arm races

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14
Q

The most diversity of HIV exists in

A

Africa

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15
Q

Host immune target factors in HIV

A

-Tetherin
-TRIM5a
-APOBEC3
-SAMHD1

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16
Q

Drug target factors in HIV

A

-Fusion inhibitors
-CCR5
-Protease

17
Q

True or false: Once infected w/ HIV you can eventually stop taking antivirals

A

False
-on antivirals for life or virus will re-emerge and become AIDS

18
Q

Name 2 ways to “cure” HIV

A
  1. Shock and kill –>shock cells to activate transcription of latent cells and kill infected cells
  2. Bone marrow transplant from donors who have mutant non functional CCR5 that is required for HIV infection
19
Q

What are endogenous retroviruses (ERV)?

A

-type of EVE that comes from retrovirus
-can’t leave the cell (dead)
-can move

20
Q

True or false: Like paiplloma viruses, endogenous viral elements do not have to be germline

A

False
-integrates into germline

21
Q

What are endogenous viral elements (EVE)

A

-when viral genome becomes integrated into host genome
-must be integrated in germline

22
Q

What are endogenous retroelements (retrotransposon)

A

-use RT and integrase to move around

23
Q

True or false: Our genomes are not viral in origin

A

False
-Our genomes are mostly viral in genome
-LINES (mostly dead)
-SINES (jump around)
-DNA transposons

24
Q

What are some consequences of transposon element movement?

A

-cause mutations
-genome rearrangements (caused by identical elements)
-Affects germline

25
Q

What are some benefits of transposon element movement?

A

-Mutations can create new genes/regulation that are beneficial to us by domestication/co-option

26
Q

What is an example of domesticated retroelement and how does it work?

A

Fv1
-domesticated viral capsid that stops viral replication
-jams into capsid & disrupts replication

27
Q

How does Fv1 differ from Trim5a?

A

-Fv1 is domesticated
-Trim5a binds to capsid to prevent other capsid subunits from binding where Fv1 is a capsid itself and stops replication

28
Q

What viruses/groups can form syncytia?

A

-Retroviruses (group 6)
-Paramyxoviruses (group 5)

29
Q

Syncytia is usually pathogenic, but when domesticated it can be beneficial, how?

A

-domestication of endogenous retrovirus forms syncytiotrophoblast –>strong barrier b/c no gaps between cells since fused
-forms a layer in placenta

30
Q

How many times has the domestication of syncytin happened?

A

10 times

Virology (19 decks)

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