History test chapters 19-23 Flashcards
What was the last of the 13 original colonies, and who founded it?
The last of the 13 original colonies was Georgia, founded in 1732 by James Oglethorpe. It was intended as a refuge for debtors and a buffer against Spanish Florida.
How did the French and Indian War begin? What did they want to control?
The French and Indian War (1754–1763) began as a dispute between the British and French over control of the Ohio River Valley, a crucial area for trade and expansion. Both nations wanted to dominate the lucrative fur trade and prevent the other from expanding westward.
Who was the Virginia Governor that sent George Washington to speak with the French when he said: “It becomes my duty to require your peaceable departure”?
Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia sent a young George Washington in 1753 to deliver a message to the French, demanding that they leave the contested Ohio Valley.
The Seven Years’ War began with a dramatic reversal of alliances called the ________ of 1756.
The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 saw a major shift in European alliances, where Britain allied with Prussia, and France aligned with Austria, reshaping the balance of power in Europe and intensifying the war.
At the end of the French and Indian War, what decree forbade the colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains?
The Proclamation of 1763, issued by King George III, forbade American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains to prevent conflicts with Native American tribes.
From what two Native American nations did Britain purchase Kentucky and West Virginia? Which Native American nation did Britain ignore?
Britain purchased land from the Iroquois Confederacy and Cherokee Nation, but they ignored the claims of the Shawnee, who lived and hunted in those areas.
In 1765, what group organized its first protest against the new, long, complicated, and controlling law that set a tax on all printed materials in the 13 colonies? What was the name of that law?
The Sons of Liberty organized protests against the Stamp Act of 1765, which imposed a direct tax on printed materials, sparking widespread resistance and boycotts.
In March 1770, what incident occurred in which the British killed 5 protestors?
The Boston Massacre occurred on March 5, 1770, when British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists, killing five men, including Crispus Attucks, a man of African and Native American descent.
The Continental Congress appointed a Committee of _______ Virginia delegate _______ to draft the composed the first draft of the document.
The Committee of Five, including Thomas Jefferson from Virginia, was appointed to draft the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Jefferson wrote the first draft.
On the night after Christmas Day, 1776, Washington silently floated his army across what river? Early the next morning, Washington won his first major victory of the Revolutionary War at what battle?
Washington crossed the Delaware River on December 25–26, 1776, launching a surprise attack on Hessian troops at the Battle of Trenton, securing a crucial American victory.
The summer of 1777 brought two major British campaigns, what were their names, and where did they happen?
The British launched the Saratoga Campaign in New York, aiming to control the Hudson River, and the Philadelphia Campaign, in which they captured the American capital, Philadelphia.
For about 12 years, the United States operated under a simple constitution called the ________ and Perpetual Union.
The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, ratified in 1781, served as the first constitution of the U.S. but was weak in central authority.
Under a historic agreement called the Great Compromise, there would be ______ representation in Congress’s lower house, but ______ representation in Congress’s upper house.
The Great Compromise (1787) established proportional representation in the House of Representatives and equal representation in the Senate.
In December 1789, two years after the first state ratified the Constitution, Congress ratified a set of 10 amendments to that Constitution called what?
The first ten amendments, ratified in 1791, are known as the Bill of Rights, protecting individual liberties and limiting government power.
Explain why the colony of Georgia set aside most of its founder’s idealistic rules just a few years after its founding.
Georgia was originally founded as a haven for debtors, with strict rules prohibiting slavery and large plantations. However, due to economic struggles and pressure from settlers, these rules were abandoned by 1751, allowing slavery and large-scale farming.
What was ironic about the way Emperor Peter III signed his abdication papers?
Emperor Peter III of Russia was forced to abdicate in 1762, but ironically, hebelieved he was merely signing routine government paperwork and did not realize he was giving up his throne.
What famous pamphlet series began with the famous words, “These are the times that try men’s souls”? Who wrote those words?
The pamphlet “The American Crisis”, written by Thomas Paine in 1776, began with the famous line, inspiring American troops during the Revolutionary War.
Who was the first American to die at the Boston Massacre? Who was the prominent Boston attorney who defended the British guards?
Crispus Attucks, a free Black sailor, was the first person killed in the Boston Massacre. John Adams, future U.S. president, defended the British soldiers, arguing for fair trials.
