History of Coastal Management

Question 1

What are cliff-ed coastlines popular for but what is the potential threat up this?

Answer 1

Commercial, residential and industrial uses.

Flooding threatens these uses.

Question 2

When was coastal management beginning to become popular?

Answer 2

End of 19th century.

Question 3

Why does erosion cause conflict with human activity?

Answer 3

People think the coastline is static rather than a dynamic system.

Question 4

Why are coastal defence measures needed along the coastline?

6

Answer 4

Natural processes.
Rising sea level.
Land subsidence.
Increased stormy conditions.
Change in sediment supply.
Human activity.

Question 5

Natural procesesses.

Answer 5

Marine erosion.
Flooding.
Sub-aerial processes.

Question 6

Rising sea level.

Answer 6

Eustatic.

Question 7

Land subsidence.

Answer 7

Isostatic.

Question 8

Increased stormy conditions.

Answer 8

Climate change.

Question 9

Changes in supply of sediment.

Answer 9

Human management eg groynes.

Question 10

Human activity.

Answer 10

Recreational.
Tourism.
Management.

Question 11

What happened in 1994?

Answer 11

Coastal protection act gave responsibility for coastal protection to 121 district councils.

Question 12

Referring to coastal management what is happening in England and Wales?
PAST.

Answer 12

No single government department has overall responsibility for coastal protection.

Question 13

What is the England and Wales coastal management divided up into?

Answer 13

Ministry of Agriculture, fisheries and food.
Environmental agency.
Country councils.
etc.

Question 14

What do SMPS provide?

Answer 14

A sound basis for the provision of coastal protection.

Question 15

What did a study show in 1991

Answer 15

The link between coastal managment provision in one area with effects on adjoining areas.

Question 16

What has happened today in England Wales?

TODAY.

Answer 16

11 sediment cells.

46 sub cells exist.

Question 17

How are SMPS developed?

Answer 17

By groups from adjoining areas including planners, engineers and geomorphologists.

Question 18

What does coastal management mean?

Answer 18

Controlling development and change in coastal zone and undertaking work according to agreed principles and criteria.

Question 19

What does good managment mean?

Answer 19

Involving both physical and environmental considerations as well as views from residents and groups.
Balanced policy.

Question 20

Name the 3 stages in managment?

Answer 20

1 understand cause of problem.
2 Undertake works to reduce/solve problem.
3 Improve protection.

Question 21

What 2 aims does coastal management have?

Answer 21

Provide defence against flooding and erosion.

Question 22

Name other aims?

Answer 22

Stabilisation beaches affected by LSD.
Stabilising sand dunes.
Protecting salt marshes.

Question 23

What does hard engineering do?

Answer 23

Works against nature and aims to resist the energy of waves and tides through significant human investment.
Expensive to build/maintain.

Question 24

Negative effects from hard engineering.

Answer 24

Narrower shorelines.
Reduce habitats.
Effect sediment movement.
Not keep pace with rise in sea levels.

Question 25

What do cliff face strategies aim to do?

Answer 25

Reduce mass movement especially on soft rock cliffs.

Reduce impact of sub-aerial processes.

Question 26

What do cliff strategies do?

Answer 26

Dissipate wave energy because of their permeability.

Question 27

What does soft engineering do?

Answer 27

Aims to work with natural processes by using natural systems like beaches, sand dunes and salt marshes.
Absorb and adjust to wave/tide energy.

Question 28

How is soft engineering more environmentally friendly?

Answer 28

It involves maintaining and manipulating systems without changing their fundamental structures.
Aim is to not stop erosion but reduce it.

Question 29

What defence systems occur in UK name4?

Answer 29

Do nothing.
Hold the line.
Advance the line.
Land use managment.