history-industrial revolution Flashcards
Effects of industrial revolution
Change in economy and society
Altered the way people lived in every aspect
What is the industrial revolution
The shift from Making goods at home with hand tools to producing goods by using power-driven machines in factories
Where did the IR begin
Bri.tain in 1700s
Agricultural revolution
Changes in farming
Shift to large scale farming
Improvements in farming methods
Enclosure movement
Wealthy landowners buy village land and build fences around them
Large farms made-> small farmers forced out
Contributed to agricultural revolution
Seed drill
What does it do
Who made it
Jethro tull made it
Instead of scattering seeds by hand->plant seeds in specific rows at specific depths
Roll thru making rows and dropping seeds in
Boosts crops
Crop rotation
Prevented exhaustion of nutrients from soil
Give area a break before planting crops again
Livestock breeding
Only allows best animals to breed
Agricultural revolution effects
Higher crops lead to surplus of food
Healthier diets lead to population explosion
Larger farms required fewer workers
Enclosure movement pushed out smaller farmers
Jobless farm workers go to towns and cities in search of work
Why did IR start in Britain?
Large labor supply
Abundant natural resources
Capital to invest in business
Stability
Where does britains large labor supply come from
Farmers that were pushed out by enclosure movement
Improved farming methods = less workers necessary
More food production-> healthier diets-> people live longer
All these people move/live in towns and cities
What natural resources does Britain have
Navigable rivers and canals (provide power and transportation)
Water power (energy source)
Harbors (shipping )
Coal (fuel for factories)
Iron ore (build machines, tools, buildings and make steel)
Why does Britain have good capital to spend on businesses
Good banking system
Stable economy
Entrepreneurs
What kind of stability did Britain have
Politic
Economic
Strong navy
Domestic system
Old way
Where each home makes a different part of the process and a merchant goes between them
Mass production
Produce high quantities of identical goods
Lowered price
Made by fast working machines
Interchangeable parts
Increased factory production
Machine parts were identical and could easily be replaces
In past, handmade products weren’t always the same so if it was broken it was gone
Eli Whitney
Inventor of cotton gin and interchangeable parts
Cotton gin
Separated seeds from raw cotton quickly which increased cotton production
Henry Bessemer
Inventor of the th Bessemer procesa a new process to convert iron into steel because steel was lighter,stronger, durable, and cheaper
James Watt
Steam engine inventor - perfected steam engine , powered by coal, power source for IR
Alexander Graham Bell
Inventor of telephone
Patented telephone
Could finally speak words and hear each other
Thomas Edison
Inventor of incandescent light bulb - cables that carry electric power from dynamo to factory- quickened city life bc factories could stay open after dark
Also one of inventors of phonograph - could reproduce recorded sound - had 2 machines, one recording and one playing back music
Gugliemo Marconi
Inventor of wireless radio (Walkie talkie ) - receives Morse code messages, used on ships
Rudolph Diesel
Invented internal combustion engine (oil)- powered trucks and small businesses (factories could afford steam engine)
Gottlieb Daimler and Nikolas Otto
Invented internal combustion engine (gasoline)- in cars , smaller
Robert Fulton
Steamboat inventor - used a steam engine, efficient transport , used for raw and finished goods transport
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Airplane inventors- their airplane only stays up for a couple secs, only daredevils flew in them , commercial flights came later on
Division of labor / assembly line
Each worker performed specialized task as products move across conveyor belt to next worker for next task
Laissez - fairy economics
Hands off market: Government shouldn’t interfere with the economy
Will lead to : free market that would help everyone because the goods would be produced at lower prices and more people could afford them // A growing economy in which capitalists can invest
Factory system
Products are made faster , identically, better quality, and more affordable
Textile industry
Does extremely well during IR
Cotton- cloth is popular, invented by Britain
First industry to industrialize
Working class: living conditions
Small tenements , no running water, no sewage/sanitation system
Working class: working conditions
Harsh schedules, 12 to 16 hours a day, 6 to 7 days a week, breaks only when given permission, strict boss, unsafe environment with no safety precautions
Labor unions
Illegal secret workers organizations that want to initiate workers reforms (higher pay etc.) but have no power to do it->violence
Problems of the working class
Hot smelly dark dirty working conditions
Dangerous environments
Child labor
Low wages
Urbanization
Movement of people into cities
Conditions of cities
Small towns become cities “overnight”
Polluted skies, loud steam engines, filthy rivers
Middle class: living conditions
Nice homes, paved streets, running water, nice clothes
Results of rapid urbanization
Men women and children work long hours in dangerous conditions
Affordable goods because of the high supply
More jobs available
Built more cities railroads and factories
Politics changed
Proletariat
Working class
Bourgeoisie
Middle class
Positive effects of industrial revolution
Death rate falls and population explodes because of medical advances and better hospital care ( finally starting to understand germs)
City landscapes are rebuilt better
Workers try to improve their harsh conditions
Why did Britain try to ban exporting machinery
They wanted to be the only industrialized nation -> but other nations eventually caught up (US, Germany)
Flying shuttle
Enabled weavers to weave faster than spinners spun
Spinning Jenny
Spun many threads at the same time
Allowed spinners to keep up with weavers using flying shuttle
automobiles, trains, boats, and other transportation inventions
Powered by steam engine
Transforms transportation ->allows people to commute, etc
Telegraph , and other communication inventions
Enables people to communicate better and over longer distances
Transforms the way people live
Electricity replaces steam eventually
Just know that
Utilitarianism
By Jeremy Bentham
Society should be “greatest happiness for greatest #”
Should be some govt intervention depending on action’s utility
Led to wanting to improve workers’ lives, individual freedom, and women’s suffrage
Capitalism:
Who benefits
Who suffers
Consumers and businesses benefit
Workers suffer
Explain capitalism
Businesses, property, and means of production are owned by individuals
Business owners compete for consumers money ->drives them to make good quality products at low prices (benefits consumer)
Consumers compete to get best goods at low prices ->shapes economy
Supports laissez-faire economics
Drawback of capitalism
Workers suffer bc :
In order to make up for money “lost” when decreasing prices ->child labor / workers work long hours / low wages / few breaks / pay women and children less / no money spent on insurance or safety equipment
Socialism :
who benefits
Who suffers
Businesses and consumers suffer
Workers benefit
Explain socialism
State owns property and businesses and means of production
Benefit group not individuals
State acts to protect workers->high prices
Distribute goods according to people’s need
Govt protects workers’ lives and allows them to work in good conditions
No laissez-faire economics
Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels
Wrote The Communist Manifesto
Communism
Proletariat should seize power from bourgeoisie bc they are the true productive class ->communist rev
Then, build a society where the ppl own everything, no classes bc no private property, govt doesn’t need to exist anymore
Benefits of communism
Everyone works their hardest to get what they need
Good working conditions
All ppl equal
Eliminate possessions= no classes
No homeless/ starving bc everyone gets just enough
Flaw of communism
Some people cannot be trusted to do the right thing
