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history-industrial revolution Flashcards

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0
Q

Effects of industrial revolution

A

Change in economy and society

Altered the way people lived in every aspect

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1
Q

What is the industrial revolution

A

The shift from Making goods at home with hand tools to producing goods by using power-driven machines in factories

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2
Q

Where did the IR begin

A

Bri.tain in 1700s

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3
Q

Agricultural revolution

A

Changes in farming
Shift to large scale farming
Improvements in farming methods

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4
Q

Enclosure movement

A

Wealthy landowners buy village land and build fences around them
Large farms made-> small farmers forced out
Contributed to agricultural revolution

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5
Q

Seed drill
What does it do
Who made it

A

Jethro tull made it
Instead of scattering seeds by hand->plant seeds in specific rows at specific depths
Roll thru making rows and dropping seeds in
Boosts crops

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6
Q

Crop rotation

A

Prevented exhaustion of nutrients from soil

Give area a break before planting crops again

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7
Q

Livestock breeding

A

Only allows best animals to breed

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8
Q

Agricultural revolution effects

A

Higher crops lead to surplus of food
Healthier diets lead to population explosion
Larger farms required fewer workers
Enclosure movement pushed out smaller farmers
Jobless farm workers go to towns and cities in search of work

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9
Q

Why did IR start in Britain?

A

Large labor supply

Abundant natural resources

Capital to invest in business

Stability

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10
Q

Where does britains large labor supply come from

A

Farmers that were pushed out by enclosure movement
Improved farming methods = less workers necessary
More food production-> healthier diets-> people live longer
All these people move/live in towns and cities

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11
Q

What natural resources does Britain have

A

Navigable rivers and canals (provide power and transportation)
Water power (energy source)
Harbors (shipping )
Coal (fuel for factories)
Iron ore (build machines, tools, buildings and make steel)

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12
Q

Why does Britain have good capital to spend on businesses

A

Good banking system
Stable economy
Entrepreneurs

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13
Q

What kind of stability did Britain have

A

Politic
Economic
Strong navy

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14
Q

Domestic system

A

Old way

Where each home makes a different part of the process and a merchant goes between them

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15
Q

Mass production

A

Produce high quantities of identical goods
Lowered price
Made by fast working machines

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16
Q

Interchangeable parts

A

Increased factory production
Machine parts were identical and could easily be replaces
In past, handmade products weren’t always the same so if it was broken it was gone

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17
Q

Eli Whitney

A

Inventor of cotton gin and interchangeable parts

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18
Q

Cotton gin

A

Separated seeds from raw cotton quickly which increased cotton production

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19
Q

Henry Bessemer

A

Inventor of the th Bessemer procesa a new process to convert iron into steel because steel was lighter,stronger, durable, and cheaper

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20
Q

James Watt

A

Steam engine inventor - perfected steam engine , powered by coal, power source for IR

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21
Q

Alexander Graham Bell

A

Inventor of telephone
Patented telephone
Could finally speak words and hear each other

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22
Q

Thomas Edison

A

Inventor of incandescent light bulb - cables that carry electric power from dynamo to factory- quickened city life bc factories could stay open after dark

Also one of inventors of phonograph - could reproduce recorded sound - had 2 machines, one recording and one playing back music

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23
Q

Gugliemo Marconi

A

Inventor of wireless radio (Walkie talkie ) - receives Morse code messages, used on ships

24
Q

Rudolph Diesel

A

Invented internal combustion engine (oil)- powered trucks and small businesses (factories could afford steam engine)

25
Q

Gottlieb Daimler and Nikolas Otto

A

Invented internal combustion engine (gasoline)- in cars , smaller

26
Q

Robert Fulton

A

Steamboat inventor - used a steam engine, efficient transport , used for raw and finished goods transport

27
Q

Orville and Wilbur Wright

A

Airplane inventors- their airplane only stays up for a couple secs, only daredevils flew in them , commercial flights came later on

28
Q

Division of labor / assembly line

A

Each worker performed specialized task as products move across conveyor belt to next worker for next task

29
Q

Laissez - fairy economics

A

Hands off market: Government shouldn’t interfere with the economy
Will lead to : free market that would help everyone because the goods would be produced at lower prices and more people could afford them // A growing economy in which capitalists can invest

30
Q

Factory system

A

Products are made faster , identically, better quality, and more affordable

31
Q

Textile industry

A

Does extremely well during IR
Cotton- cloth is popular, invented by Britain
First industry to industrialize

32
Q

Working class: living conditions

A

Small tenements , no running water, no sewage/sanitation system

33
Q

Working class: working conditions

A

Harsh schedules, 12 to 16 hours a day, 6 to 7 days a week, breaks only when given permission, strict boss, unsafe environment with no safety precautions

34
Q

Labor unions

A

Illegal secret workers organizations that want to initiate workers reforms (higher pay etc.) but have no power to do it->violence

35
Q

Problems of the working class

A

Hot smelly dark dirty working conditions
Dangerous environments
Child labor
Low wages

36
Q

Urbanization

A

Movement of people into cities

37
Q

Conditions of cities

A

Small towns become cities “overnight”

Polluted skies, loud steam engines, filthy rivers

38
Q

Middle class: living conditions

A

Nice homes, paved streets, running water, nice clothes

39
Q

Results of rapid urbanization

A

Men women and children work long hours in dangerous conditions
Affordable goods because of the high supply
More jobs available
Built more cities railroads and factories
Politics changed

40
Q

Proletariat

A

Working class

41
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

Middle class

42
Q

Positive effects of industrial revolution

A

Death rate falls and population explodes because of medical advances and better hospital care ( finally starting to understand germs)
City landscapes are rebuilt better
Workers try to improve their harsh conditions

43
Q

Why did Britain try to ban exporting machinery

A

They wanted to be the only industrialized nation -> but other nations eventually caught up (US, Germany)

44
Q

Flying shuttle

A

Enabled weavers to weave faster than spinners spun

45
Q

Spinning Jenny

A

Spun many threads at the same time

Allowed spinners to keep up with weavers using flying shuttle

46
Q

automobiles, trains, boats, and other transportation inventions

A

Powered by steam engine

Transforms transportation ->allows people to commute, etc

47
Q

Telegraph , and other communication inventions

A

Enables people to communicate better and over longer distances
Transforms the way people live

48
Q

Electricity replaces steam eventually

A

Just know that

49
Q

Utilitarianism

A

By Jeremy Bentham
Society should be “greatest happiness for greatest #”
Should be some govt intervention depending on action’s utility
Led to wanting to improve workers’ lives, individual freedom, and women’s suffrage

50
Q

Capitalism:
Who benefits
Who suffers

A

Consumers and businesses benefit

Workers suffer

51
Q

Explain capitalism

A

Businesses, property, and means of production are owned by individuals
Business owners compete for consumers money ->drives them to make good quality products at low prices (benefits consumer)
Consumers compete to get best goods at low prices ->shapes economy
Supports laissez-faire economics

52
Q

Drawback of capitalism

A

Workers suffer bc :
In order to make up for money “lost” when decreasing prices ->child labor / workers work long hours / low wages / few breaks / pay women and children less / no money spent on insurance or safety equipment

53
Q

Socialism :
who benefits
Who suffers

A

Businesses and consumers suffer

Workers benefit

54
Q

Explain socialism

A

State owns property and businesses and means of production
Benefit group not individuals
State acts to protect workers->high prices
Distribute goods according to people’s need
Govt protects workers’ lives and allows them to work in good conditions
No laissez-faire economics

55
Q

Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels

A

Wrote The Communist Manifesto

56
Q

Communism

A

Proletariat should seize power from bourgeoisie bc they are the true productive class ->communist rev
Then, build a society where the ppl own everything, no classes bc no private property, govt doesn’t need to exist anymore

57
Q

Benefits of communism

A

Everyone works their hardest to get what they need
Good working conditions
All ppl equal
Eliminate possessions= no classes
No homeless/ starving bc everyone gets just enough

58
Q

Flaw of communism

A

Some people cannot be trusted to do the right thing

bio & history (20 decks)

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