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history-industrial revolution Flashcards

0
Q

Effects of industrial revolution

A

Change in economy and society

Altered the way people lived in every aspect

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1
Q

What is the industrial revolution

A

The shift from Making goods at home with hand tools to producing goods by using power-driven machines in factories

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2
Q

Where did the IR begin

A

Bri.tain in 1700s

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3
Q

Agricultural revolution

A

Changes in farming
Shift to large scale farming
Improvements in farming methods

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4
Q

Enclosure movement

A

Wealthy landowners buy village land and build fences around them
Large farms made-> small farmers forced out
Contributed to agricultural revolution

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5
Q

Seed drill
What does it do
Who made it

A

Jethro tull made it
Instead of scattering seeds by hand->plant seeds in specific rows at specific depths
Roll thru making rows and dropping seeds in
Boosts crops

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6
Q

Crop rotation

A

Prevented exhaustion of nutrients from soil

Give area a break before planting crops again

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7
Q

Livestock breeding

A

Only allows best animals to breed

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8
Q

Agricultural revolution effects

A

Higher crops lead to surplus of food
Healthier diets lead to population explosion
Larger farms required fewer workers
Enclosure movement pushed out smaller farmers
Jobless farm workers go to towns and cities in search of work

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9
Q

Why did IR start in Britain?

A

Large labor supply

Abundant natural resources

Capital to invest in business

Stability

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10
Q

Where does britains large labor supply come from

A

Farmers that were pushed out by enclosure movement
Improved farming methods = less workers necessary
More food production-> healthier diets-> people live longer
All these people move/live in towns and cities

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11
Q

What natural resources does Britain have

A

Navigable rivers and canals (provide power and transportation)
Water power (energy source)
Harbors (shipping )
Coal (fuel for factories)
Iron ore (build machines, tools, buildings and make steel)

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12
Q

Why does Britain have good capital to spend on businesses

A

Good banking system
Stable economy
Entrepreneurs

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13
Q

What kind of stability did Britain have

A

Politic
Economic
Strong navy

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14
Q

Domestic system

A

Old way

Where each home makes a different part of the process and a merchant goes between them

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15
Q

Mass production

A

Produce high quantities of identical goods
Lowered price
Made by fast working machines

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16
Q

Interchangeable parts

A

Increased factory production
Machine parts were identical and could easily be replaces
In past, handmade products weren’t always the same so if it was broken it was gone

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17
Q

Eli Whitney

A

Inventor of cotton gin and interchangeable parts

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18
Q

Cotton gin

A

Separated seeds from raw cotton quickly which increased cotton production

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19
Q

Henry Bessemer

A

Inventor of the th Bessemer procesa a new process to convert iron into steel because steel was lighter,stronger, durable, and cheaper

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20
Q

James Watt

A

Steam engine inventor - perfected steam engine , powered by coal, power source for IR

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21
Q

Alexander Graham Bell

A

Inventor of telephone
Patented telephone
Could finally speak words and hear each other

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22
Q

Thomas Edison

A

Inventor of incandescent light bulb - cables that carry electric power from dynamo to factory- quickened city life bc factories could stay open after dark

Also one of inventors of phonograph - could reproduce recorded sound - had 2 machines, one recording and one playing back music

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23
Q

Gugliemo Marconi

A

Inventor of wireless radio (Walkie talkie ) - receives Morse code messages, used on ships

24
Rudolph Diesel
Invented internal combustion engine (oil)- powered trucks and small businesses (factories could afford steam engine)
25
Gottlieb Daimler and Nikolas Otto
Invented internal combustion engine (gasoline)- in cars , smaller
26
Robert Fulton
Steamboat inventor - used a steam engine, efficient transport , used for raw and finished goods transport
27
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Airplane inventors- their airplane only stays up for a couple secs, only daredevils flew in them , commercial flights came later on
28
Division of labor / assembly line
Each worker performed specialized task as products move across conveyor belt to next worker for next task
29
Laissez - fairy economics
Hands off market: Government shouldn't interfere with the economy Will lead to : free market that would help everyone because the goods would be produced at lower prices and more people could afford them // A growing economy in which capitalists can invest
30
Factory system
Products are made faster , identically, better quality, and more affordable
31
Textile industry
Does extremely well during IR Cotton- cloth is popular, invented by Britain First industry to industrialize
32
Working class: living conditions
Small tenements , no running water, no sewage/sanitation system
33
Working class: working conditions
Harsh schedules, 12 to 16 hours a day, 6 to 7 days a week, breaks only when given permission, strict boss, unsafe environment with no safety precautions
34
Labor unions
Illegal secret workers organizations that want to initiate workers reforms (higher pay etc.) but have no power to do it->violence
35
Problems of the working class
Hot smelly dark dirty working conditions Dangerous environments Child labor Low wages
36
Urbanization
Movement of people into cities
37
Conditions of cities
Small towns become cities "overnight" | Polluted skies, loud steam engines, filthy rivers
38
Middle class: living conditions
Nice homes, paved streets, running water, nice clothes
39
Results of rapid urbanization
Men women and children work long hours in dangerous conditions Affordable goods because of the high supply More jobs available Built more cities railroads and factories Politics changed
40
Proletariat
Working class
41
Bourgeoisie
Middle class
42
Positive effects of industrial revolution
Death rate falls and population explodes because of medical advances and better hospital care ( finally starting to understand germs) City landscapes are rebuilt better Workers try to improve their harsh conditions
43
Why did Britain try to ban exporting machinery
They wanted to be the only industrialized nation -> but other nations eventually caught up (US, Germany)
44
Flying shuttle
Enabled weavers to weave faster than spinners spun
45
Spinning Jenny
Spun many threads at the same time | Allowed spinners to keep up with weavers using flying shuttle
46
automobiles, trains, boats, and other transportation inventions
Powered by steam engine | Transforms transportation ->allows people to commute, etc
47
Telegraph , and other communication inventions
Enables people to communicate better and over longer distances Transforms the way people live
48
Electricity replaces steam eventually
Just know that
49
Utilitarianism
By Jeremy Bentham Society should be "greatest happiness for greatest #" Should be some govt intervention depending on action's utility Led to wanting to improve workers' lives, individual freedom, and women's suffrage
50
Capitalism: Who benefits Who suffers
Consumers and businesses benefit | Workers suffer
51
Explain capitalism
Businesses, property, and means of production are owned by individuals Business owners compete for consumers money ->drives them to make good quality products at low prices (benefits consumer) Consumers compete to get best goods at low prices ->shapes economy Supports laissez-faire economics
52
Drawback of capitalism
Workers suffer bc : In order to make up for money "lost" when decreasing prices ->child labor / workers work long hours / low wages / few breaks / pay women and children less / no money spent on insurance or safety equipment
53
Socialism : who benefits Who suffers
Businesses and consumers suffer | Workers benefit
54
Explain socialism
State owns property and businesses and means of production Benefit group not individuals State acts to protect workers->high prices Distribute goods according to people's need Govt protects workers' lives and allows them to work in good conditions No laissez-faire economics
55
Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels
Wrote The Communist Manifesto
56
Communism
Proletariat should seize power from bourgeoisie bc they are the true productive class ->communist rev Then, build a society where the ppl own everything, no classes bc no private property, govt doesn't need to exist anymore
57
Benefits of communism
Everyone works their hardest to get what they need Good working conditions All ppl equal Eliminate possessions= no classes No homeless/ starving bc everyone gets just enough
58
Flaw of communism
Some people cannot be trusted to do the right thing

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