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history-French Revolution Flashcards

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0
Q

Two main stages of FR

A

1789-1799 : Revolutionary Governments

1799-1815: Napoleón

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1
Q

When was the French Revolution

A

1789-1815

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2
Q

Causes of French Revolution

A

Unequal social structure (population divided into 3 estates )
Age of Enlightenment ideas
France sent troops and supplies to the American revolutionaries
Financial difficulties
France was an absolute monarchy with a weak monarch

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3
Q

Old regime

A

France prior to FR- when it was an absolute monarchy

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4
Q

What were the three estates under the old regime

A

First estate
Second estate
Third estate

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5
Q 
First estate:
Who made it up?
What % of the pop?
Land ownership 
Problems and/or privileges
A

Made of Roman Catholic clergy
Made up 1% of the pop
Owned 10% of land
Exempt from paying taxes; grand lifestyles paid for by tithe $ (10% of everyone’s income that’s paid to the church)

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6
Q 
Second estate:
Who made it up?
What % of the pop?
Land ownership 
Problems and/or privileges
A

Made of nobility
Made up 2% of pop
Owned 20-25% of land
Top govt and military jobs saved for them; exempt from paying taxes; main income= feudal dues (taxes that peasants must lay nobles)

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7
Q 
Third estate:
Who made it up?
What % of the pop?
Land ownership 
Problems and/or privileges
A

Made of peasants, laborers, artisans, bourgeoisie,etc.
97% of pop
65% of land
V poor; about half their income was paid in taxes

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8
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

V small group
Middle class (our lower rich/upper middle class)
Hosted and attend salons

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9
Q

What Age of Enlightenment ideas caused the FR

A

Challenging the absolute right to rule, ppl have a say in govt, liberal freedoms, overthrow a govt, justice system, etc.
appealed to bourgeoisie’ grievances

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10
Q

Affect of France sending troops to assist American Revolutionaries

A

Wars = expensive (led to financial hardships for France)
Introduces revolutionary ideas to 3rd Estate foot soldiers that just fought in American Revolution (Republic>monarchy, no taxation without representation, liberal freedoms, take up arms against tyranny)

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11
Q

Causes of frances financial problems

A

Govt had large debts with heavy interest
Costs of over ambitious wars of Louis XIV and XV
Cost of helping America in .their revolution
Bad harvests -> increased food prices -> hunger spreads
Extravagant spending of royal family + upkeep of Palace of Versailles

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12
Q

Louis XVI

A

Weak monarch of France
Preferred personal interests over court interests
Heavily influenced by wife Marie Antoinette
Incapable of strong decisive action

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13
Q

Marie Antoinette

A

Married to King Louis XVI
French people didn’t trust her bc she was part of Austrian royal family
Spent extravagantly on gowns, gambling, jewelry, etc
Nicknamed Madame Deficit

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14
Q

Revolutionary Governments: 3 phases

A 
Moderate phase (1789-1792)
Radical phase (1792-1794) 
Reactionary phase (1795-1799)
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15
Q

Govts in the moderate phase

A 
National Assembly 
Legislative assembly (created by National Assembly)
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16
Q

Meeting of the Estates General- why?

A

King Louis decides to tax first and second estates bc of financial problems -> second estate forced king to call meeting is estates-general (first time they met in 175 yrs) bc they didn’t want to pay taxes

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17
Q

Meeting of the estates general- what happened during meeting?

A

Representatives from each estate came (most from the third estate) -> each estate only got one vote-> third estate was always outvoted bc first and second estate always voted to benefit themselves and hurt third estate (keep things the way it was) -> third estate demands to vote per delegate-> other estates refuse

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18
Q

What happened as a result of the meeting of the estates general?

A

The third estate voted to establish themselves as the National Assembly and to pass laws/reforms in the name of French people -> first deliberate act of FR

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19
Q

Goal of National Assembly

A

To write a new constitution, creating a new fair govt

20
Q

Storming of the Bastille

A

Louis sent troops to protect Palace of Versailles-> rumor spread that the troops were sent to attack and dismiss National Assembly-> people began to gather weapons-> a mob looking for gunpowder and arms stormed Bastille-> killed several guards

21
Q

What was the Bastille

A

A grim medieval fortress used as a prison for political prisoners , and other prisoners, representing abuse of the monarchy

22
Q

What affect did the Storming of the Bastille have

A

The Fall of the Bastille became symbolic act of Rev for French ppl
July 14= Bastille day - French National Holiday

23
Q

The Great Fear

A

Poor harvests led to famine -> rumor spread among peasants that it was bc of the nobles doing -> armed peasants attack nobles and their homes-> wave of panic and fear

24
Q

Result of the Great Fear

A

Nobles were either scared or believed in equality -> voted to end their privileges-> old regime is dead -> called the August Decrees

25
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

A

Inspired by U.S. DofR, Constitution,and English BofR
Says : all ppl are equal b4 the law, freedom of speech / press/ religion, no random arresting and punishment, no equal rights for women
Still in French constitution

26
Q

Symbols of FR

A

Tricolor (blue, white, red)

Slogan of Rev: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

27
Q

Women’s March on Versailles

A

Thousands of Parisian women mad about rising price of bread-> armed women march in Versailles and demand that Louis move back to Paris -> Louis moves , signaling his loss of power

28
Q

When does Louis become the French ppl’s enemy?

A

When he tries to flee to Austria , but gets caught at the border

29
Q

Constitution of 1791

A

National Assembly creates legislative assembly

30
Q

Main Factions in legislative assembly

A

Radicals (left side)
Moderates (center)
Conservatives (right )

31
Q

National convention

A

Formed in radical phase

New extremely radical govt

32
Q

Jacobins

A

Group of radicals

Call for deaths of anyone that supports the king, and the king himself

33
Q

Guillotine

A

Developed as more humane way of public execution

Used to kill king

34
Q

Reign of Terror

A

National convention is scared -> makes committee of public safety “to protect rev from its enemies “-> Maximilien Robespierre (jacobin) becomes leader of committee-> rules virtually as a dictator -> innocent people became enemies and were executed

35
Q

When and how does the reign of terror end

A

In 1794 when Robespierre is guillotined

36
Q

Reactionary phase

A

Reaction to radicals phase

Set up the Directory - executive body of 5 men , v problematic

37
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte

A

Born in Corsica
quickly rose in army and in political power -> became political leader ->overthrew weak Directory ->set up the Consulate (3-man governing board) ->named himself First Consul ->got enough power to become Emperor ->strongly support by ppl ->reformed and strengthened France and conquered much of Europe

38
Q

Nations Napoleon couldn’t conquer and why

A

Britain->continental system failed

Russia->soldiers couldn’t survive the cold winter

39
Q

Continental system

A

When British ships would have to stay out of europe couldn’t trade (blockade)

40
Q

Napoleons invasion of Russia

A

Invaded because Russia disobeyed continental system by trading with Britain-> Russia’s alliance with France is broken
Napoleon failed because of scorched earth policy (Burning and destroying any resources the enemy could use)-> Drew the French deeper into Russia, but no resources because everything was burnt and they suffered in the winter

41
Q

Elba

A

Where Napoleon was exiled to after stepping down on April 11, 1814

42
Q

Hundred days

A

The period from Napoleon’s escape from Elba until abdication again (escaped Elba ->supported, defeated, exiled again)

43
Q

Waterloo

A

Quadruple Allies teamed up together and finally defeated Napoleon at battle of Waterloo

44
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

Heads of state in Europe meet to stabilize Europe and create lasting peace after Napoleon’s rule

45
Q

Quadruple alliance

A

Britain, Russia -> beat napoleon

Prussia, Austria ->revolted against napoleon

46
Q

Reaction of other European rulers to FR

A

Initially liked the idea but Napoleon made them resent him and France

47
Q

Lasting impact of the French Revolution

A

The Napoleonic code, the invasion of Spain, the Louisiana purchase

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