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bio & history > bio-photosynthesis/cellular respiration > Flashcards

bio-photosynthesis/cellular respiration Flashcards

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0
Q

ATP is what type of biomolecule

A

Nucleic acid

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1
Q

Glucose is broken down into..

A

ATP

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2
Q

Composition of ATP

A

Nitrogenous base (adenine) - 5 carbon sugar (ribose) -three phosphate groups

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3
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy that has potential to do work, if energy is released

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4
Q

How is energy released from ATP

A

The energy rich bond between the phosphate groups is broken and its energy is released

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5
Q

What does ATP become after being used

A

ADP and a phosphate group

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6
Q

How can ADP be “recharged”

A

Phosphorylation

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7
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Recharging an ADP by adding another phosphate group (with its energy rich bond) to become ATP

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8
Q

Definition of photosynthesis

A

The ability to capture sunlight energy and convert it into chemical energy (carbon dioxide-> glucose)

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9
Q

Photosynthetic equation

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy (sunlight) –> C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2

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10
Q

What 4 materials cycle between photosynthesis and cellular respiration

A

Water
CO2
Oxygen
Sugar

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11
Q

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration interconnected

A

Input of photosynthesis = output of cellular respiration

Input of cellular respiration = output of photosynthesis

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12
Q

Adaptations of photosynthesis

A

Leaves and chloroplasts

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13
Q

Parts of a chloroplast

A

Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Thylakoid
Stroma

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14
Q

Thylakoid

A

Disk like photosynthetic membranes that contain chlorophyll

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15
Q

Grana (pl: granum)

A

Stack of thylakoids

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16
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid filled space, containing enzymes, outside the thylakoid membrane

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17
Q

Where do the light reactions take place

A

Thylakoids

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18
Q

Two groups of reactions in photosynthesis

A

Light-dependent (light reactions)

Light-independent (dark reactions / Calvin cycle)

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19
Q

Hydrogen ion

A

Hydrogen that’s lost an electron

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20
Q

NADPH

A

Electron carrier molecule

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21
Q

Special quality about NADPH

A

It’s very disruptive and repels other electrons

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22
Q

How is captured sunlight energy stored as chemical energy

A

In ATP and NADPH

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23
Q

What does the sun radiate

A

Electromagnetic energy in visible light

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24
Q

Common pigment found in chloroplasts

A

Chlorophyll a and B , and other accessory pigments like carotenoids

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25
Q

What colors do chlorophyll a and b absorb and what do they reflect

A

Absorb Violet blue and red

Reflect green

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26
Q

What colors do carotenoids absorb and reflect

A

Absorb blue and green

Reflect yellow orange or red

27
Q

Why do leaves change color in the fall

A

When temperature drops, chlorophyll can’t be produced (bc enzyme doesn’t Work), but carotenoids still can, so leaves appear red orange or yellow ( the colors carotenoids reflect)

28
Q

Two parts of the light reactions

A

Photosystems I and II

Both in thylakoid membrane

29
Q

Why are red and blue photons important

A

They’re the only ones absorbed by photosystems (all others are reflected)

30
Q

Sequence locations in light reactions

A

Photosystem II-> ETC -> Photosystem I-> ETC -> ATP synthase

31
Q

Explain the light reactions using screenshot in camera roll

A

Use text to sareena as answer key

32
Q

Inputs and outputs of light reactions

A

Input : sunlight, water, ADP, NADP+

Output : 6 oxygen, ATP, NADPH

33
Q

Where does the oxygen byproduct go

A

Either used by plant or released into atmosphere

34
Q

What are the ATP and NAPH (made in light reactions) used for?

A

To power the Calvin cycle (glucose synthesis

35
Q

Inputs and outputs of Calvin cycle

A

Input: ATP, NADPH, 6 CO2
Output: 2 G3P (which will be converted into glucose-outside of photosynthesis )

36
Q

Explain Calvin cycle using picture in camera roll

A

Use pwrpt as answer key

37
Q

How much ATP and NADPH are used to create one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) and where?

A

12 ATP and 12 NADPH during G3P synthesis

6 ATP during RuBP synthesis

38
Q

Where does most of the glucose made go

A

To cellulose for the cell wall

39
Q

When does Photorespiration occur

A

When the plant closes its stomata and oxygen cannot be released

40
Q

What is photorespiration

A

When CO2 runs out, so oxygen is used in the Calvin cycle instead of CO2 because there is a build up of oxygen

41
Q

Why is photorespiration bad

A

It wastes ATP because the Calvin cycle is happening, but glucose isn’t being produced

42
Q

What does the C4 pathway do

A

Avoids photorespiration in hot and dry environments (where stomata are closed)

43
Q

Where is the C4 pathway beneficial and where is it not?

A

Beneficial in hot and dry environments where plants keep their stomata closed
Not beneficial in cold and wet environments because it takes up too much energy

44
Q

Why do plants close their stomata in hot and dry climates

A

They don’t want water to evaporate out

45
Q

What does glycolysis and cellular respiration do

A

Metabolize glucose for energy

46
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

47
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

In cytosol

48
Q

What is the result of glycolysis

A

Net of 2 ATP per molecule of glucose and 2 NADPH and 2 pyruvate molecules

49
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen

A

No

50
Q

What does glycolysis do to the glucose

A

Breaks it into pyruvate

51
Q

Two phases of glycolysis

A

Glucose activation phase

Energy harvesting phase

52
Q

Glucose activation phase

A

Glucose is converted into highly reactive fructose bisphosphate by using 2 ATP

53
Q

Energy harvesting phase

A

Highly reactive fructose bisphosphate breaks into 2 G3P molecules which convert into 2 molecules of pyruvate thru a series of reactions that forms 4 ATP (phosphorylates 4 ADP) and 2 NADH (adds 2 electrons and one hydrogen ion to NAD+)

54
Q

What happens after glycolysis

A

Either cellular respiration or fermentation

55
Q

What distinguishes fermentation and cellular respiration

A

Fermentation is anaerobic (doesn’t need oxygen)

Cellular respiration is aerobic (needs oxygen)

56
Q

What’s the purpose of fermentation

A

To regenerate NAD+ which is necessary to continue glycolysis

57
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

When O2 is being used faster than it can be delivered, fermentation uses NADH (formed in glycolysis) to regenerate NAD+, so that it can go back and glycolysis can keep happening and producing its net of 2 ATP

58
Q

What kind of fermentation do yeast cells perform

A

Alcoholic fermentation

59
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

Pyruvate is fermented into 2 ethanol and 2 CO2 by using NADH so it regenerates and glycolysis can keep happening
The ethanol and CO2 formed creates bubbles that allow dough to rise, and fizzing in sparkling drinks

60
Q

What are the two parts of cellular respiration

A

Krebs cycle and ETC (chemiosmosis)

61
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle happen

A

Matrix (within inner membrane)

62
Q

Where does chemiosmosis take place

A

Thru the inner membrane, into the intermembrane space and the matrix

63
Q

Explain the Krebs cycle

A

Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted into acetyl CoA and CO2 –> this makes 1 NADH
Then, acetyl CoA is converted into 2 CO2 during the Krebs cycle –> this makes 3 NADH and 1 FADH and 1 ATP

** 2 pyruvate make a glucose **

64
Q

Explain the ETC and chemiosmosis

A

Then, the NADH and FADH from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle and acetyl CoA formation give their 2 electrons and hydrogen ions to the ETC where the electrons power active transport of hydrogen ion into the intermembrane space, then the hydrogen ions flow down the concentration gradient thru ATP synthase which produces 32-34 ATP (atp synthase part is chemiosmosis)

65
Q

Where does the water byproduct come from ?

A

The 1/2 O2 is necessary to pick up depleted electrons and some hydrogen ions –> this produces water

bio & history (20 decks)

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