bio-photosynthesis/cellular respiration Flashcards
ATP is what type of biomolecule
Nucleic acid
Glucose is broken down into..
ATP
Composition of ATP
Nitrogenous base (adenine) - 5 carbon sugar (ribose) -three phosphate groups
Potential energy
Energy that has potential to do work, if energy is released
How is energy released from ATP
The energy rich bond between the phosphate groups is broken and its energy is released
What does ATP become after being used
ADP and a phosphate group
How can ADP be “recharged”
Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation
Recharging an ADP by adding another phosphate group (with its energy rich bond) to become ATP
Definition of photosynthesis
The ability to capture sunlight energy and convert it into chemical energy (carbon dioxide-> glucose)
Photosynthetic equation
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy (sunlight) –> C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2
What 4 materials cycle between photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Water
CO2
Oxygen
Sugar
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration interconnected
Input of photosynthesis = output of cellular respiration
Input of cellular respiration = output of photosynthesis
Adaptations of photosynthesis
Leaves and chloroplasts
Parts of a chloroplast
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Thylakoid
Stroma
Thylakoid
Disk like photosynthetic membranes that contain chlorophyll
Grana (pl: granum)
Stack of thylakoids
Stroma
Fluid filled space, containing enzymes, outside the thylakoid membrane
Where do the light reactions take place
Thylakoids
Two groups of reactions in photosynthesis
Light-dependent (light reactions)
Light-independent (dark reactions / Calvin cycle)
Hydrogen ion
Hydrogen that’s lost an electron
NADPH
Electron carrier molecule
Special quality about NADPH
It’s very disruptive and repels other electrons
How is captured sunlight energy stored as chemical energy
In ATP and NADPH
What does the sun radiate
Electromagnetic energy in visible light
Common pigment found in chloroplasts
Chlorophyll a and B , and other accessory pigments like carotenoids
What colors do chlorophyll a and b absorb and what do they reflect
Absorb Violet blue and red
Reflect green
What colors do carotenoids absorb and reflect
Absorb blue and green
Reflect yellow orange or red
Why do leaves change color in the fall
When temperature drops, chlorophyll can’t be produced (bc enzyme doesn’t Work), but carotenoids still can, so leaves appear red orange or yellow ( the colors carotenoids reflect)
Two parts of the light reactions
Photosystems I and II
Both in thylakoid membrane
Why are red and blue photons important
They’re the only ones absorbed by photosystems (all others are reflected)
Sequence locations in light reactions
Photosystem II-> ETC -> Photosystem I-> ETC -> ATP synthase
Explain the light reactions using screenshot in camera roll
Use text to sareena as answer key
Inputs and outputs of light reactions
Input : sunlight, water, ADP, NADP+
Output : 6 oxygen, ATP, NADPH
Where does the oxygen byproduct go
Either used by plant or released into atmosphere
What are the ATP and NAPH (made in light reactions) used for?
To power the Calvin cycle (glucose synthesis
Inputs and outputs of Calvin cycle
Input: ATP, NADPH, 6 CO2
Output: 2 G3P (which will be converted into glucose-outside of photosynthesis )
Explain Calvin cycle using picture in camera roll
Use pwrpt as answer key
How much ATP and NADPH are used to create one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) and where?
12 ATP and 12 NADPH during G3P synthesis
6 ATP during RuBP synthesis
Where does most of the glucose made go
To cellulose for the cell wall
When does Photorespiration occur
When the plant closes its stomata and oxygen cannot be released
What is photorespiration
When CO2 runs out, so oxygen is used in the Calvin cycle instead of CO2 because there is a build up of oxygen
Why is photorespiration bad
It wastes ATP because the Calvin cycle is happening, but glucose isn’t being produced
What does the C4 pathway do
Avoids photorespiration in hot and dry environments (where stomata are closed)
Where is the C4 pathway beneficial and where is it not?
Beneficial in hot and dry environments where plants keep their stomata closed
Not beneficial in cold and wet environments because it takes up too much energy
Why do plants close their stomata in hot and dry climates
They don’t want water to evaporate out
What does glycolysis and cellular respiration do
Metabolize glucose for energy
Cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
Where does glycolysis occur
In cytosol
What is the result of glycolysis
Net of 2 ATP per molecule of glucose and 2 NADPH and 2 pyruvate molecules
Does glycolysis require oxygen
No
What does glycolysis do to the glucose
Breaks it into pyruvate
Two phases of glycolysis
Glucose activation phase
Energy harvesting phase
Glucose activation phase
Glucose is converted into highly reactive fructose bisphosphate by using 2 ATP
Energy harvesting phase
Highly reactive fructose bisphosphate breaks into 2 G3P molecules which convert into 2 molecules of pyruvate thru a series of reactions that forms 4 ATP (phosphorylates 4 ADP) and 2 NADH (adds 2 electrons and one hydrogen ion to NAD+)
What happens after glycolysis
Either cellular respiration or fermentation
What distinguishes fermentation and cellular respiration
Fermentation is anaerobic (doesn’t need oxygen)
Cellular respiration is aerobic (needs oxygen)
What’s the purpose of fermentation
To regenerate NAD+ which is necessary to continue glycolysis
Lactic acid fermentation
When O2 is being used faster than it can be delivered, fermentation uses NADH (formed in glycolysis) to regenerate NAD+, so that it can go back and glycolysis can keep happening and producing its net of 2 ATP
What kind of fermentation do yeast cells perform
Alcoholic fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation
Pyruvate is fermented into 2 ethanol and 2 CO2 by using NADH so it regenerates and glycolysis can keep happening
The ethanol and CO2 formed creates bubbles that allow dough to rise, and fizzing in sparkling drinks
What are the two parts of cellular respiration
Krebs cycle and ETC (chemiosmosis)
Where does the Krebs cycle happen
Matrix (within inner membrane)
Where does chemiosmosis take place
Thru the inner membrane, into the intermembrane space and the matrix
Explain the Krebs cycle
Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted into acetyl CoA and CO2 –> this makes 1 NADH
Then, acetyl CoA is converted into 2 CO2 during the Krebs cycle –> this makes 3 NADH and 1 FADH and 1 ATP
** 2 pyruvate make a glucose **
Explain the ETC and chemiosmosis
Then, the NADH and FADH from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle and acetyl CoA formation give their 2 electrons and hydrogen ions to the ETC where the electrons power active transport of hydrogen ion into the intermembrane space, then the hydrogen ions flow down the concentration gradient thru ATP synthase which produces 32-34 ATP (atp synthase part is chemiosmosis)
Where does the water byproduct come from ?
The 1/2 O2 is necessary to pick up depleted electrons and some hydrogen ions –> this produces water
