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bio-photosynthesis/cellular respiration Flashcards

0
Q

ATP is what type of biomolecule

A

Nucleic acid

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1
Q

Glucose is broken down into..

A

ATP

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2
Q

Composition of ATP

A

Nitrogenous base (adenine) - 5 carbon sugar (ribose) -three phosphate groups

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3
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy that has potential to do work, if energy is released

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4
Q

How is energy released from ATP

A

The energy rich bond between the phosphate groups is broken and its energy is released

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5
Q

What does ATP become after being used

A

ADP and a phosphate group

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6
Q

How can ADP be “recharged”

A

Phosphorylation

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7
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Recharging an ADP by adding another phosphate group (with its energy rich bond) to become ATP

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8
Q

Definition of photosynthesis

A

The ability to capture sunlight energy and convert it into chemical energy (carbon dioxide-> glucose)

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9
Q

Photosynthetic equation

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy (sunlight) –> C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2

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10
Q

What 4 materials cycle between photosynthesis and cellular respiration

A

Water
CO2
Oxygen
Sugar

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11
Q

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration interconnected

A

Input of photosynthesis = output of cellular respiration

Input of cellular respiration = output of photosynthesis

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12
Q

Adaptations of photosynthesis

A

Leaves and chloroplasts

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13
Q

Parts of a chloroplast

A

Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Thylakoid
Stroma

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14
Q

Thylakoid

A

Disk like photosynthetic membranes that contain chlorophyll

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15
Q

Grana (pl: granum)

A

Stack of thylakoids

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16
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid filled space, containing enzymes, outside the thylakoid membrane

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17
Q

Where do the light reactions take place

A

Thylakoids

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18
Q

Two groups of reactions in photosynthesis

A

Light-dependent (light reactions)

Light-independent (dark reactions / Calvin cycle)

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19
Q

Hydrogen ion

A

Hydrogen that’s lost an electron

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20
Q

NADPH

A

Electron carrier molecule

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21
Q

Special quality about NADPH

A

It’s very disruptive and repels other electrons

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22
Q

How is captured sunlight energy stored as chemical energy

A

In ATP and NADPH

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23
Q

What does the sun radiate

A

Electromagnetic energy in visible light

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24
Common pigment found in chloroplasts
Chlorophyll a and B , and other accessory pigments like carotenoids
25
What colors do chlorophyll a and b absorb and what do they reflect
Absorb Violet blue and red | Reflect green
26
What colors do carotenoids absorb and reflect
Absorb blue and green | Reflect yellow orange or red
27
Why do leaves change color in the fall
When temperature drops, chlorophyll can't be produced (bc enzyme doesn't Work), but carotenoids still can, so leaves appear red orange or yellow ( the colors carotenoids reflect)
28
Two parts of the light reactions
Photosystems I and II | Both in thylakoid membrane
29
Why are red and blue photons important
They're the only ones absorbed by photosystems (all others are reflected)
30
Sequence locations in light reactions
Photosystem II-> ETC -> Photosystem I-> ETC -> ATP synthase
31
Explain the light reactions using screenshot in camera roll
Use text to sareena as answer key
32
Inputs and outputs of light reactions
Input : sunlight, water, ADP, NADP+ | Output : 6 oxygen, ATP, NADPH
33
Where does the oxygen byproduct go
Either used by plant or released into atmosphere
34
What are the ATP and NAPH (made in light reactions) used for?
To power the Calvin cycle (glucose synthesis
35
Inputs and outputs of Calvin cycle
Input: ATP, NADPH, 6 CO2 Output: 2 G3P (which will be converted into glucose-outside of photosynthesis )
36
Explain Calvin cycle using picture in camera roll
Use pwrpt as answer key
37
How much ATP and NADPH are used to create one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) and where?
12 ATP and 12 NADPH during G3P synthesis | 6 ATP during RuBP synthesis
38
Where does most of the glucose made go
To cellulose for the cell wall
39
When does Photorespiration occur
When the plant closes its stomata and oxygen cannot be released
40
What is photorespiration
When CO2 runs out, so oxygen is used in the Calvin cycle instead of CO2 because there is a build up of oxygen
41
Why is photorespiration bad
It wastes ATP because the Calvin cycle is happening, but glucose isn't being produced
42
What does the C4 pathway do
Avoids photorespiration in hot and dry environments (where stomata are closed)
43
Where is the C4 pathway beneficial and where is it not?
Beneficial in hot and dry environments where plants keep their stomata closed Not beneficial in cold and wet environments because it takes up too much energy
44
Why do plants close their stomata in hot and dry climates
They don't want water to evaporate out
45
What does glycolysis and cellular respiration do
Metabolize glucose for energy
46
Cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
47
Where does glycolysis occur
In cytosol
48
What is the result of glycolysis
Net of 2 ATP per molecule of glucose and 2 NADPH and 2 pyruvate molecules
49
Does glycolysis require oxygen
No
50
What does glycolysis do to the glucose
Breaks it into pyruvate
51
Two phases of glycolysis
Glucose activation phase | Energy harvesting phase
52
Glucose activation phase
Glucose is converted into highly reactive fructose bisphosphate by using 2 ATP
53
Energy harvesting phase
Highly reactive fructose bisphosphate breaks into 2 G3P molecules which convert into 2 molecules of pyruvate thru a series of reactions that forms 4 ATP (phosphorylates 4 ADP) and 2 NADH (adds 2 electrons and one hydrogen ion to NAD+)
54
What happens after glycolysis
Either cellular respiration or fermentation
55
What distinguishes fermentation and cellular respiration
Fermentation is anaerobic (doesn't need oxygen) | Cellular respiration is aerobic (needs oxygen)
56
What's the purpose of fermentation
To regenerate NAD+ which is necessary to continue glycolysis
57
Lactic acid fermentation
When O2 is being used faster than it can be delivered, fermentation uses NADH (formed in glycolysis) to regenerate NAD+, so that it can go back and glycolysis can keep happening and producing its net of 2 ATP
58
What kind of fermentation do yeast cells perform
Alcoholic fermentation
59
Alcoholic fermentation
Pyruvate is fermented into 2 ethanol and 2 CO2 by using NADH so it regenerates and glycolysis can keep happening The ethanol and CO2 formed creates bubbles that allow dough to rise, and fizzing in sparkling drinks
60
What are the two parts of cellular respiration
Krebs cycle and ETC (chemiosmosis)
61
Where does the Krebs cycle happen
Matrix (within inner membrane)
62
Where does chemiosmosis take place
Thru the inner membrane, into the intermembrane space and the matrix
63
Explain the Krebs cycle
Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted into acetyl CoA and CO2 --> this makes 1 NADH Then, acetyl CoA is converted into 2 CO2 during the Krebs cycle --> this makes 3 NADH and 1 FADH and 1 ATP ** 2 pyruvate make a glucose **
64
Explain the ETC and chemiosmosis
Then, the NADH and FADH from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle and acetyl CoA formation give their 2 electrons and hydrogen ions to the ETC where the electrons power active transport of hydrogen ion into the intermembrane space, then the hydrogen ions flow down the concentration gradient thru ATP synthase which produces 32-34 ATP (atp synthase part is chemiosmosis)
65
Where does the water byproduct come from ?
The 1/2 O2 is necessary to pick up depleted electrons and some hydrogen ions --> this produces water

bio & history (20 decks)

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