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history-enlightenment Flashcards

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0
Q

What was the enlightenment

A

The age of reason
A revolution in thinking
Grew out of scientific revolution

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1
Q

When was the enlightenment

A

1700-1800

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2
Q

Impact of the enlightenment

A

People used logic and reasoning instead of religion, tradition, and superstition
Began to apply reason to all aspects of life
Gave individuals power to solve problems

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3
Q

Natural law

A

Rules discoverable by reason

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4
Q

Philosophes

A

Enlightened thinkers (French for “philosophers “)
Social critics
Believed the power of reason could fix all of society’s problems

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5
Q

Where did the Enlightenment begin

A

France

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6
Q

Natural rights

A

Life liberty property

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7
Q

social contract

A

An agreement by which people create government

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8
Q

State of nature

A

Absence of laws or government

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9
Q

John Locke

A

Philosophe with an optimistic view of human nature

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10
Q

JL

view of people

A

Reasonable and moral
Can learn from their mistakes
Can govern their own affairs
Born with natural rights that government can’t take away

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11
Q

JL

What do you have to do to keep your rights? To have them taken away?

A

To protect rights, respect others rights

Your rights end when you interfere with another persons rights

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12
Q

JL

why can’t people remain in state of nature?

A

Rights are in jeopardy in state of nature

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13
Q

JL

Why do we create governments

A

To protect our natural rights we enter into a social contract

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14
Q

JL

what type of government is best

A

Government with limited power (limited government)

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15
Q

JL

What can people do if a government fails them

A

Overthrow government

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16
Q

JL

Writing

A

Two Treatises of Government

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17
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Philosophe

Opposite views of Locke

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18
Q

TH

View of people

A

Ppl are naturally cruel greedy selfish and wicked

Would fight rob and oppress one another if not controlled

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19
Q

TH

How are people’s lives In the state of nature

A

Solitary poor nasty brutish and short

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20
Q

TH

What’s his social contract

A

To escape the horrible life in state of nature, must hand over rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order

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21
Q

TH

What’s government is best

A

Absolute monarchy - only powerful government would give an orderly society- ruler needs total control to keep citizens under control

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22
Q

TH

What’s the purpose of government

A

To keep law and order

23
Q

TH

What will happen if people don’t obey the absolute monarch

A

Chaos will ensue (no right to overthrow government)

24
Q

TH

Writing

A

Leviathan (a sea monster)

25
Q

Baron de Montesquieu

A

Believed in rights of individuals

Concerned with political liberty

26
Q

M

Main ideas

A

Separation of powers

Checks and balances

27
Q

M

Best way to protect liberty?

A

Divide govt into 3 branches (separation of powers)

28
Q

M

What are the three branches and what do they do

A

Legislative -makes the laws
Executive -enforces laws
Judicial- interprets laws

29
Q

M

Checks and balances

A

Each branch can serve as a check on the other two

30
Q

M

Influenced the…

A

Us constitution

31
Q

M

Writing

A

The Spirit of Laws

32
Q

Voltaire

Main beliefs

A

Freedom of speech, of the press, of religious belief
Liberty
Tolerance
Reason

33
Q

V

Who did he target and what’d he use against them

A

The clergy, aristocracy and government by using satire against them

34
Q

V

Consequences of his beliefs

A

French government and Catholic Church were offended
His books are banned and burned
Imprisoned twice in Bastille
Exiled in England for two years

35
Q

Cesare Beccaria

A

Concerned with justic system

Laws are to preserve social order not avenge crimes

36
Q

CB

What rights do the accused have

A

Speedy trial
No torture
Punishment that fits the crime

37
Q

CB

What should be abolished

A

Capital punishment

38
Q

CB

Writing

A

On Crimes and Punishments

39
Q

Denis Diderot

A

Wanted to change the general way of thinking

40
Q

DD

What did he edit

A

Encyclopedia (28-volume set of books)

41
Q

DD

What did the encyclopedia contain and what happened bc of it

A

Included articles of leading philosophes of the day

Banned bc of it

42
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

People are naturally good so they should rely on instinct and emotion not logic

43
Q

JJR

How did he feel about society

A

Evils of society corrupts people’s innocence and limits people’s behavior

44
Q

JJR

Government that will solve problem

A

Govt that comes from the consent of the people
Freely elected
Minimal controls
Right to rule rests with ppl

45
Q

JJR

His social contract

A

People agree to give up some of their freedoms to help the common good (good of community is more important than individual interests)

46
Q

JJR

What happens to those that oppose the general will

A

Forced to accept it or removed form society

47
Q

JJR

Writing

A

The Social Contract

48
Q

Who influenced the DofR and how

A 
John Locke because :
All ppl created equal
Life liberty and property as god given rights
Ppl create govt to protect their rights
Govt power comes from consent of ppl
Ppl can overthrow govt
49
Q

Who influenced constitution and how

A

Montesquieu because:
Separation of powers
Checks and balances

50
Q

What 4 people influenced the BofR

A

Locke
Beccaria
Montesquieu
Voltaire

51
Q

Salons

A

Informal social gathering where people exchange ideas

Hosted by wealthy women and held in their homes

52
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

Women’s first duty is to be a mother, but she should be able to do what she wants without depending on her husband

53
Q

MW

Main point

A

Equal education for women (so they can participate equally in society)

54
Q

MW

Writing

A

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

55
Q

Laissez-Faire economics

A

Free trade with little to no govt interference

56
Q

Adam Smith

A

Supported laissez-faire
Free market should be allowed
Supply and demand

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