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history-african imperialism Flashcards

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1
Q

Factors promoting Imperialism in Africa

A

Europeans’ technological superiority (weapons, communication, transportation)
No unity in Africa (diff ethnic groups) ->Europeans learned to turn rival groups against e/o

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2
Q

Why had European previously avoided exploring inland Africa

A

Could not navigate African rivers

disease

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3
Q

David Livingstone

A

Scottish doctor and missionary that went deep into central africa->sent reports back to GB about explorations

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4
Q

Henry M. Stanley

A

Sent to find Livingstone when they thought he was dead -> eventually went on expeditions in Africa too -> him and Livingstone sent back reports about abundance of resources in Africa ->peaked interest of European nations

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5
Q

Berlin Conference

A

European nations met and didn’t invite Africa to decide how to split up Africa between them->not split evenly

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6
Q

The Congo : what nation imperialized it

A

Belgium

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7
Q

Congo: why and how did Belgium imperialize it

A

Stanley said Congo resource= commerce ->sparks King Leopold II of Belgium ->Leopold hires Stanley ->Stanley tricks chiefs of Congo to sign treaty that gave Leopold control of lands ->Leopold claims it as his own private plantation

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8
Q

What did King Leopold II do to the Congo/ Congolese?

A

He enslaved the Congolese people -> had licensed companies do it for him so “he’s not doing it”
Cut down forests for rubber trees
10 million Congolese died due to the abuse
Killed elephant herds for ivory tusks

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9
Q

Result of Leopold in the Congo

A

Stripped Congo of resources and ppl->humanitarians demand change->Belgian govt takes it away from Leopold ->becomes the Belgian Congo

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10
Q

Egypt: who took it over and why

A

Britain bc interested in Suez Canal -> shortcut to their Indian colonies

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11
Q

Suez Canal location and who made it and significance

A

Connects the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea ->shortcut to Asia (instead of going around Africa)
Made by France

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12
Q

How was Cape Colony formed

A

Dutch settlers established it on southern tip of Africa ->way station on their way to Asia

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13
Q

Which imperial power took over cape colony and why

A

Britain bc of strategic value ( must go around southern tip of Africa to get to Asia at that time)

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14
Q

Boers/Afrikaners

A

Dutch that lived in South Africa

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15
Q

Relationship between boers and British in South Africa

A

Boers hated British rule(especially anti-slavery laws)->migrated inward->developed Transvaal and Orange Free State

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16
Q

The Zulu

A

Powerful African group that conquered a large empire in South africa->fighting with boers ->British step in ->eventually British defeat Zulu ->Zulu nation fell to the British

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17
Q

What resource was found in British and boer lands in South Africa

A

Diamonds and gold

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18
Q

Cecil Rhodes

A

British imperialist
Made a fortune in diamond mining
Established DeBeers mining company
Took over lots of South Africa
Used his influence to strengthen British control there
Wants to expand British control thru boer lands ->war

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19
Q

DeBeers Diamond Company

A

Established by Cecil Rhodes

Controls 90% of worlds diamonds

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21
Q

South African War (Anglo-Boer War)

A

War bc British wants to expand thru Boer lands
British, Boers, and Africans involved
Modern warfare (Maxim Gun) used; guerrilla tactics used by boers (weaker side)
British put women and children in concentration camps to protect them->unintentionally died of disease and starvation
British eventually won but at great cost (brought 500,000 soldiers)

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22
Q

Union of South Africa->what is it/who ruled it

A

Cape Town, Transvaal, Natal, and Orange Free State unite as Union of South Africa
Dominion of British empire ->self rule granted , Boers in charge-not blacks

23
Q

What legal policy was instituted in South Africa

A

Apartheid -> when National Party came to power

24
Q

Define apartheid in SA

A

Legal separation of the races, “apartness “

25
Q

Goals of apartheid in SA

A

Keep white minority in power

Keep the races separate

26
Q

Four classes of ppl in South Africa

A

Afrikaner/white
Colored -“mixed” races
Indian/Asian
African/Black - MAJORITY of pop

27
Q

Pass books in SA

A

Non-whites were required by law to carry these
Identified who you were, where you lived, where you worked, and where you had to be @diff times ->had to request govt to be somewhere else
Failure to show pass book= jail

28
Q

Restrictions on blacks bc of apartheid in SA

A

Couldn’t vote
Mixed marriage banned
Inferior education
Low skilled jobs w low wages
Can’t own property->blacks are 75% of pop, only 13% land set aside for them
Kept in poverty
Segregation in public places and separate living areas

29
Q

SA

What happened to some blacks and the area they lived in

A

Forced removals->area declared “white only” ->forcibly remove blacks and bulldoze their homes/businesses

30
Q

SA

Where were blacks assigned to live

A

Townships

31
Q

SA

African National Congress

A

Goal- equality for all races
Banned by govt->met secretly
Organized protests, boycotts, and strikes

32
Q

SA

What was the Spear of The Nation and why was it formed

A

ANC’s peaceful protests not working (still open fire on crowd)->form SofTN within ANC->use violent protests along with peaceful ones

33
Q

SA

Nelson Mandela

A

ANC leader/ part of SofTN

Arrested for treason against apartheid->life imprisonment

35
Q

SA

What happened when SA held their first universal election

A

All adult citizens of all races vote->ANC wins majority of seats in National Assembly

36
Q

SA

How was the Republic of South Africa formed

A

Nelson Mandela elected president

37
Q

SA

What two main things did Nelson Mandela do when elected president

A

Passed a new democratic constitution

Guaranteed equal rights to all citizens

38
Q

Blood/Conflict Diamonds

A

Diamonds that Cecil Rhodes/DeBeers didn’t have control over

39
Q

Why were the called blood diamonds

A

They funded weapons and terrorism

40
Q

Current problems in SA

A 
Extreme poverty for majority of blacks
High crime and rape rates
High unemployment
High aids/HIV rates
Not enough housing
41
Q

Where were blood diamonds found

A

Angola, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and the Congo

42
Q

What affect did the presence of blood diamonds have on the conflict areas

A

Suffered atrocities like kidnapping, murder, rape, child drug addiction, etc

43
Q

Explain the Rwandan genocide

A

Two groups in Rwanda ->Hutu and Tutsi
Rwanda Becomes protectorate of belgium-> Belgians measure Rwandans faces->more European looking = Tutsi and others= Hutu
Hutu majority in Rwanda
Given identity cards (Hutu or Tutsi)
Tutsis get benefits->Hutus oppressed->Hutu come to power in govt->Tutsis flee to surrounding countries ->Tutsis form RPF (Rwandan Patriotic front) ->Hutus spread propaganda about Tutsis and oppress them and won’t let them come back home -> Hutus start to plan genocide of Tutsis ->Tutsis come back in country and genocide begins ->eventually RPF declares victory bc they get help from French troops->jails overcrowded with Hutus

44
Q

What role did the UN / US play in the Rwandan Genocide

A

Didn’t do anything even though they could->racist

45
Q

Explain Cecil Rhodes’ involvement with blood diamonds

A

Wants to purchase all of them so DeBeers has control of all diamonds (monopoly)

46
Q

What happened in Ethiopia

A

Emperor Menelik II successfully kept Ethiopia free of imperial European rule
ONLY NATION TO STAY FREE OF ANY IMPERIAL RULE

47
Q

How did Menelik II keep Ethiopia independent

A

He played the Italians French and British against each other-> in the meantime he built up a large arsenal of modern weapons purchased from France and Russia
he signed a treaty with Italy-> after signing, I noticed differences between the wording of the treaty in both languages-> he thought he was just giving up a little bit of Ethiopia, Italians thought he was giving them all of Ethiopia-> Italians advance into Ethiopia-> he declares war-> Ethiopians successfully defeated talion’s and continue to stockpile weapons to stay independent

48
Q

Describe what happened in Liberia

A

American colonization Society (ACS) Believe freed black slaves are a threat to slavery-> send them back to Africa-> first group of freed black slaves are sent to Liberia-> called Americo-Liberians because they are very different than local Liberians-> Americo-Liberians start creating an American society (plantation style houses with plantations)-> need slaves to work on plantations-> enslave local Liberians-> declare independence from the US, but US doesn’t recognize independence-> America Liberian government overthrown-> lead to civil wars funded by blood diamonds -> ruins Liberian infrastructure

49
Q

Current problems in Liberia

A

85% of Liberians live under poverty line because of civil wars with Americo-Liberians

50
Q

Negative effects of imperialism

A

Died of new diseases; died while resisting Europeans; famine caused by the change to cash crops; homes and property is transferred; men forced to leave villages to support families; unstable societies and identity problems (bc forced to be European culture) ; new borders combined or separate and groups unnaturally

51
Q

Positive effects of imperialism

A

Reduced local warfare; improved sanitation and hospitals-> longer life spans; More schools-> improved literacy rates; African products become valued internationally; railroads, dams, telephone and telegraph lines are built

53
Q

What were the only two nations free from European rule

A

Ethiopia and Liberia

55
Q

SA

How did apartheid end

A

Anti-apartheid protests and pressure from other countries to end it (ex: trade restrictions) -> F.W. De Klerk elected president ->legalized ANC ->released Nelson Mandela from prison -> began negotiations for multi-racial govt

56
Q

Sierra Leone

A

Taken over by Britain
Colony for former slaves
Next to Liberia (Britain copied America with slaves here)
Blood diamonds here

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